Table 1.
Study characteristics
| Study | Study design | Participants | Sex: M/F | Age (years) | Height (cm) | Mass (kg) | Training experience (subjective description; years of RT experience; relative strength levels BM/1RM; exercise) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcazar et al. (2021) [60] | Chronic: randomly assigned |
VL0: n = 14 VL10: n = 14 VL20: n = 13 VL40: n = 16 |
58/0 | 24 ± 4 | 175 ± 6 | 76 ± 10 | Resistance trained individuals; 1.5–4; 1.3 ± 0.2; Smith machine full back-squat |
| Andersen et al. (2021) [29] | Chronic: randomly assigned |
VL15: n = 10 VL30: n = 10 |
3/7 | 23 ± 4 | 171 ± 8 | 68 ± 9 | Healthy individuals; 4.5 ± 0.7; 1.2 ± 0.2; leg press |
| Banyard et al. (2019) [77] | Acute: randomized crossover design |
VL20FS: n = 15 VL20VS: n = 15 |
15/0 | 25 ± 4 | 180 ± 7 | 84 ± 11 | Resistance trained individuals; 7 ± 2; 1.8 ± 0.3; free-weight full back-squat |
| Dorrel et al. (2020) [75] | Chronic: randomly assigned | VL20: n = 8 | 38/0 | 23 ± 5 | 180 ± 6 | 89 ± 13 | Resistance-trained individuals; ≥ 2; 1.5 ± 0.3, 1.1 ± 0.2, 0.7 ± 0.1, and 2.0 ± 0.3, free-weight perceived optimum depth back-squat, free-weight bench press, free-weight strict overhead press, and free-weight deadlift, respectively |
| Fernandez-Ortega et al. (2020) [67] | Chronic: randomly assigned | VG: n = 15 | 0/15 | 14 ± 1 | 157 ± 7 | 47 ± 5 | Adolescent soccer players; unexperienced; 0.7 ± 0.1; Smith machine full back-squat |
| Galiano et al. (2020) [78] | Chronic: randomly assigned |
VL5: n = 15 VL20: n = 13 |
28/0 |
22 ± 3 24 ± 3 |
175 ± 5 177 ± 5 |
73 ± 11 76 ± 9 |
Physically active individuals; ≥ 1.5; 1.3 ± 0.2; Smith machine full back-squat |
| García-Sillero et al. (2021) [69] | Acute: randomized controlled pilot |
VL30: n = 12 VL30: n = 12b |
24/0 | 24 ± 1 | 180 ± 6 | 78 ± 8 | Physically active sports science students; > 2; 1.0 ± 0.2; free weight bench press |
| González-García et al. (2020) [63] | Acute: randomized crossover design |
VL20OL: n = 11 VL2080%RM: n = 11 |
10/1 | 25 ± 4 | 176 ± 8 | 77 ± 9 | Unclear; unclear; 1.8 ± 0.3; Smith machine full back-squat |
| Held et al. (2021) [66] | Chronic: randomly assigned | VL10: n = 11 | 9/2a | 20 ± 2 | 184 ± 5 | 76 ± 9 | Highly trained rowers; ≥ 2; 1.7 ± 0.2, 2.2 ± 0.4, 1.5 ± 0.2 and 1.3 ± 0.2; free-weight back-squat, free-weight bench row, free-weight deadlift, and free-weight bench press, respectively |
| Krzysztofik et al. (2021) [68] | Acute: randomized crossover design | VL10: n = 16 | 0/16 | 24 ± 5 | 170 ± 6 | 64 ± 5 | Resistance-trained amateur female volleyball players; 3 ± 4; 1.5 ± 0.2; free-weight back-squat |
| Martinez-Canton et al. (2020) [61] | Chronic: randomly assigned |
VL20: n = 12 VL40: n = 10 |
22/0 | 23 ± 2 | 176 ± 6 | 76 ± 7 | Physically active sports science students; 1.5 ± 4; 1.4 ± 0.2; Smith machine full back-squat |
| Muñoz-López et al. (2021) [80] | Acute: randomized crossover design |
VL20: n = 30 VL40: n = 30 |
30/0 | 22 ± 2 | 176 ± 7 | 74 ± 11 | Healthy individuals; unclear; 1.5 ± 0.2; Smith machine full back-squat |
| Nájera-Ferrer et al. (2021) [94] | Acute: randomized crossover design |
VL20: n = 16 VL40: n = 16 |
16/0 | 36 ± 10 | 176 ± 7 | 77 ± 8 | Resistance- and endurance-trained individuals; 2–5; 1.4 ± 0.3; Smith machine full back-squat |
| Nilo Dos Santos et al. (2021) [70] | Acute: randomized crossover design | VL20: n = 12 | 0/12 | 25 ± 5 | 163 ± 6 | 59 ± 11 | Young women; 4.5 ± 4.2; 10RM = 46.2 ± 13.8; Smith machine parallel back-squat |
| Pareja-Blanco et al. (2017) [18] | Chronic: randomly assigned |
VL20: n = 12 VL40: n = 10 |
22/0 | 23 ± 2 | 176 ± 6 | 76 ± 7 | Physically active sports science students; 1.5 ± 4; 1.4 ± 0.2; Smith machine full back-squat |
| Pareja-Blanco et al. (2017) [76] | Chronic: randomly assigned |
VL15: n = 8 VL30: n = 8 |
16/0 | 24 ± 4 | 174 ± 7 | 76 ± 9 | Professional soccer players; unclear; 1.3 ± 0.3; Smith machine full back-squat |
| Pareja-Blanco et al. (2019) [22] | Acute: randomized crossover design |
VL2060%RM: n = 17 VL4060%RM: n = 17 VL2080%RM: n = 17 VL4080%RM: n = 17 |
17/0 | 24 ± 4 | 180 ± 10 | 76 ± 11 | Physically active sports science students; 3 ± 1.5; 1.4 ± 0.2; Smith machine full back-squat |
| Pareja-Blanco et al. (2020) [25] | Chronic: randomly assigned |
VL0: n = 15 VL15: n = 16 VL25: n = 15 VL50: n = 16 |
62/0 | 24 ± 4 | 175 ± 6 | 76 ± 10 | Resistance trained individuals; ≥ 1.5; 0.9 ± 0.2; Smith machine bench press |
| Pareja-Blanco et al. (2020) [26] | Chronic: randomly assigned |
VL0: n = 14 VL10: n = 14 VL20: n = 13 VL40: n = 14 |
55/0 | 24 ± 4 | 175 ± 6 | 76 ± 10 | Resistance trained individuals; 1.5 ± 4; 0.9 ± 0.2; Smith machine full back-squat |
| Pearson et al. (2020) [81] | Acute: counterbalanced crossover design |
VL10: n = 12 VL20: n = 12 VL30: n = 12 |
12/0 | 23 ± 2 | 180 ± 7 | 89 ± 13 | Semi-professional rugby union athletes; ≥ 2; unclear; free-weight parallel back-squat |
| Pérez-Castilla et al. (2018) [28] | Chronic: randomly assigned |
VL10: n = 10 VL20: n = 10 |
20/0 |
22 ± 3 22 ± 2 |
175 ± 6 177 ± 6 |
74 ± 17 80 ± 15 |
Physically active sports science students; ≥ 2; 2.1 ± 0.4; Smith machine countermovement jump |
| Riscart-López et al. (2021) [42] | Chronic: randomly assigned |
VL20LP: n = 11 VL20UP: n = 10 VL20RP: n = 11 VL20CP: n = 11 |
43/0 |
24 ± 6 24 ± 5 22 ± 3 23 ± 5 |
178 ± 5 177 ± 7 172 ± 6 180 ± 4 |
73 ± 8 71 ± 8 67 ± 6 75 ± 9 |
Physically active sports science students; 1.5–4; 1.3 ± 0.3; Smith machine full back-squat |
| Rissanen et al. (2022) [74] | Chronic: reverse counterbalancing sequence |
VL20M: n = 12 VL20F: n = 11 VL40M: n = 11 VL40F: n = 11 |
23/22 | 26 ± 4 |
184 ± 8 167 + 7 178 ± 6 165 + 7 |
82 ± 8 61 ± 5 82 ± 14 60 + 8 |
Physically active individuals; ≥ 1; 1.3 ± 0.3 and 0.8 ± 0.2; Smith machine full back-squat and Smith machine bench press |
| Rodiles-Guerrero et al. (2020) [27] | Chronic: randomly assigned |
VL10: n = 15 VL20: n = 15 VL30: n = 15 |
45/0 | 23 ± 2 | 173 ± 5 | 73 ± 6 | Physically active individuals; ≥ 1; 1.0 ± 0.2; weight stack machine bench press |
| Rodríguez-Rosell et al. (2018) [16] | Acute: randomized crossover design |
VL10SQ: n = 11 VL20SQ: n = 11 VL30SQ: n = 11 VL45SQ: n = 11 VL10BP: n = 10 VL20 BP: n = 10 VL30 BP: n = 10 VL45 BP: n = 10 |
21/0 | 24 ± 4 | 178 ± 4 | 78 ± 15 | Physically active sports science students; 2–4; 1.5 ± 0.2 and 1.1 ± 0.2; Smith machine full back-squat and Smith machine bench press |
| Rodríguez-Rosell et al. (2020) [20] | Acute: randomized crossover design |
VL10: n = 11 VL20: n = 11 VL30: n = 11 VL45: n = 11 |
11/0 | 24 ± 4 | 177 ± 7 | 74 ± 12 | Physically active sports science students; 2–4; 1.5 ± 0.2; Smith machine full back-squat |
| Rodríguez-Rosell et al. (2020) [43] | Chronic: randomly assigned |
VL10: n = 12 VL30: n = 13 |
25/0 |
23 ± 3 22 ± 3 |
177 ± 8 176 ± 7 |
75 ± 10 74 ± 9 |
Physically active sports science students; 1–3; 1.3 ± 0.3; Smith machine full back-squat |
| Rodríguez-Rosell et al. (2021) [44] | Chronic: randomly assigned |
VL10: n = 12 VL30: n = 12 VL45: n = 12 |
36/0 |
23 ± 4 22 ± 2 22 ± 3 |
176 ± 4 177 ± 7 172 ± 8 |
71 ± 5 74 ± 9 72 ± 10 |
Physically active sports science students; 1–3; 1.3 ± 0.2; Smith machine full back-squat |
| Rodríguez-Rosell et al. (2021) [45] | Chronic: randomly assigned |
VL15LP: n = 16 VL15UP: n = 16 |
32/0 |
24 ± 4 22 ± 3 |
176 ± 6 178 ± 7 |
76 ± 9 76 ± 8 |
Healthy and physically active sports science students; 1–3; 1.3 ± 0.3; Smith machine full back-squat |
| Sánchez-Moreno et al. (2020) [79] | Chronic: randomly assigned |
VL25: n = 15 VL50: n = 14 |
29/0 |
27 ± 6 25 ± 6 |
176 ± 6 176 ± 5 |
74 ± 5 74 ± 8 |
Strength-trained individuals; 2–4; 0.5 ± 0.1; prone-grip pull-up exercise |
| Sousa-Fortes et al. (2020) [64] | Acute: randomiszd crossover design | VL20: n = 12 | 7/5 | 25 ± 5 | 169 ± 8 | 74 ± 18 | Trained individuals; ~ 3; 1.3 and 1.1; free-weight half-squat and free-weight bench press |
| Tsoukos et al. (2019) [71] | Acute: randomized crossover design |
VL10; n = 10 VL30; n = 10 |
10/0 | 26 ± 7 | 182 ± 5 | 85 ± 13 | Physically active individuals; ≥ 3; 1.3 ± 0.2; Smith machine bench press |
| Tsoukos et al. (2021) [72] | Acute: randomized crossover design |
VL10: n = 11 VL30: n = 11 |
11/0 | 26 ± 6 | 183 ± 5 | 85 ± 13 | Resistance trained individuals; ≥ 3; 1.3 ± 0.2; Smith machine bench press |
| Varela-Olalla et al. (2019) [65] | Acute: unclear | VL20–32; n = 5 | 4/1 | 23 ± 5 | 169 ± 7 | 72 ± 18 | Spanish Olympic wrestlers; ≥ 1; 1.5 ± 0.5; free-weight bench press |
| Varela-Olalla et al. (2020) [73] | Acute: observational | VL20; n = 15 | 15/0 | 23 ± 2 | 175 ± 6 | 73 ± 8 | Recreationally active individuals; unclear; 0.7 ± 0.1; Smith machine half back-squat |
| Weakley et al. (2020) [21] | Acute: randomized crossover design |
VL10; n = 12 VL20; n = 12 VL30; n = 12 |
12/0 | 23 ± 3 | 179 ± 6 | 87 ± 12 | Team sport athletes from a British University and Colleges Super Rugby Club; ≥ 2; unclear; free weight back-squat |
| Weakley et al. (2020) [62] | Acute: randomized crossover design |
VL10; n = 12 VL20; n = 12 VL30; n = 12 |
16/0 | 23 ± 2 | 180 ± 7 | 89 ± 13 | Team sport athletes from a British University and Colleges Super Rugby Club; ≥ 2; unclear; free weight back-squat |
BM body mass, n number of participants, RT resistance training, VG velocity training group, VL## whereby ## refers to the velocity loss threshold used (e.g., VL20 is 20% velocity loss threshold). Subscripts after VL## (e.g., VL2080%RM) refer to the following: BP protocol performed with the bench press exercise, CP constant programming model, F female, FS fixed number of sets, LP linear programming model, M male, OL optimal load that maximized power production, ##%RM whereby ## refers to the percentage of repetition maximum, RP reverse programming model, SQ protocol performed with the back-squat exercise, UP undulating programming model, VS variable number of sets
aSex distribution of participants included in statistical analysis was not specified
bPercussion therapy