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. 2023 Jan 2;13:28. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-24424-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Macroscopic and radiologic images of the groups of non-ovariectomized and bilaterally ovariectomized rats. Note the absence of infections and bone rarefaction that would indicate an intense immune response to the scaffolds. (a) Macroscopic image of the defect area in the left tibia after induced painless death. (b) Macroscopic image of the dissected left tibia. (c) Radiographic image of the left tibia. The arrows indicate the bone defect area in the proximal metaphysis of the left tibia.