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. 2023 Jan 2;13:28. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-24424-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Surgical procedure for creation of a proximal metaphyseal bone defect in the tibia of Wistar rats. (A) Positioning of the rat in dorsal decubitus, with the left knee flexed. (B) Shaving of the left leg, followed by a longitudinal 15-mm skin incision. (C) Longitudinal incision in the muscle and periosteum. (D) Creation of a 2.5-mm bone defect in the proximal metaphysis of the left tibia. (E and F) Grafting with the CoChHa1 and CoChHa2 scaffolds. (G) Repositioning of the periosteum and muscular suture. (H) Skin suture.