Table 1.

The reported severe respiratory tract infection cases admitted to ICU were caused by HBoV1.

Author	Country, year	Age	Male/female	Manifestation	Chest image	Sample	Method	Serology	Co-infection	Mechanical ventilation	Clinical diagnosis	Viremia	Viral loads in serum	Viral loads in NPA	Treatment	Outcome	Fundamental disease
Tabatabai et al. (11)	Germany, 2019	6 months	1/0	Respiratory failure	Bilateral opacities	Blood, tracheal secretions	PCR/serology	HBoV IgM/IgG	No	Yes	ARDS	Yes	2 × 103	3.1 × 109	Oxygen, antibiotics, NO	Death	Immunodeficient (NIN gene mutation, T-cell defect)
Moesker et al. (8)	The Netherlands, 2015	24 months	3/4	Respiratory failure, ECMO indication	–	NPA	PCR/NGS	–	No	5/7, 1/7ECMO	ARDS, LRTI, BHR/PSA, Severe atelectasis with ARTI	–	–	–	Oxygen, Supplemental	Survival	3Pulmonary disease, 1premature
Korner et al. (12)	Germany, 2011	8 months	0/1	Hypoxia, respiratory distress, wheezing, cough, and fever	Diffuse bilateral infiltrates and total atelectasis of the right upper lung lobe	Blood, NPA	PCR/serology	HBoV IgM/IgG	No	No	Severe obstructive bronchitis	Yes	5.8 × 103	–	Oxygen, antibiotics	Survival	None
Eskola et al. (13)	Finland, 2017	9 months	1/0	Fever, wheezing, dyspnea	Interstitial infiltrates atelectasis of the right upper and lower lobes	Blood, tracheal aspirate	PCR/serology	HBoV IgM/IgG	No	Yes	Respiratory failure	Yes	1.7 × 103	–	Oxygen, corticosteroids, antibiotics, NO	Survival	Bronchiolitis at 6 months
Ursic et al. (15)	Slovenia, 2011	20 months	0/1	Respiratory distress	Hyperinflation with an infiltrate in the left lower lung field	Blood, NPA, tracheal aspirate	PCR	–	No	Yes	Acute bronchiolitis, pneumomediastinum, interstitial emphysema, and acute respiratory failure	Yes	1.8 × 106	8.6 × 109	Oxygen, corticosteroids, antibiotics	Survival	Premature
Edner et al. (14)	Sweden, 2011	4 years	0/1	Fever, wheezing, dyspnea	Subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, and left-sided pneumothorax	Blood, tracheal aspirate	PCR/serology	HBoV IgM	No	Yes and ECMO	ARDS	Yes	0.45 × 104	1 × 109	Oxygen, corticosteroids, antibiotics	Survival	Wheezing at 1 year premature
Ursic et al. (16)	Slovenia, 2015	18 months	N/S	Respiratory distress	Hyperinflation and infiltrates of the right perihilar area, pulmonary edema	Blood, NPA, tracheal aspirate	PCR	–	No	Yes	Acute bronchiolitis with hypoxemia, diffuse hyperinflation, bilateral infiltrates, and possibly pulmonary edema	Yes	7.42 × 106	8.27 × 106	Oxygen, corticosteroids, antibiotics, dopamine	Death	Chronic respiratory insufficiency, premature
Jula et al. (10)	Finland, 2013	16 months	1/0	Rhinorrhea, cough, respiratory distress, tachypnea	Bilateral infiltrations and atelectasis of the upper right lobe	Blood, NPA	PCR/serology	HBoV IgM/IgG	low load HRV higher load HBoV1 in NPA	Yes	ARDS	Yes	3 × 103	1.6 × 1010	Oxygen, corticosteroids, antibiotics	Survival	Severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, premature
Calvo et al. (17)	Spain, 2008	1 months	1/0	Respiratory distress	Atelectasis	NPA	PCR	–	No	Yes	Respiratory failure	–	–	–	Oxygen, corticosteroids	Survival	Premature
		1 months	0/1	Wheezing, respiratory distress	Infiltrations	NPA	PCR	–	No	Yes	Respiratory failure	–	–	–	Oxygen, corticosteroids, antibiotics	Death	PDA/bronchopulmonary dysplasia, premature
Ziyade et al. (18)	Turkey, 2015	5 months	0/1	Fever, wheezing, diarrhea	–	NPA	PCR	–	No	Yes	Respiratory failure	–	–	–	Oxygen, Supplemental	Death	Premature

HBoV1, human bocavirus 1; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; NPA, nasopharyngeal aspirate; mNGS, metagenomics next-generation sequencing; CT, computed tomography; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; LRTI, lower respiratory tract infections; BHR/PSA, bronchial hyperresponsiveness/ paediatric status asthmaticus; NIN, ninein; HRV, human rhinovirus.