Table 2. Sub-themes of Financing Strategies by Country Income Level .

Country	Basic Pharmaceutical Reimbursement and Pricing Policies						Funding Strategies Specific to High-Cost Drugs										Financial assistance for individual patients
	WHO-EML		National Health Technology Assessment		Reference Pricing Systems		MEA		Dedicated Funds for High-Cost Drugs		Orphan Drug Reimbursement		Adjusted Cost-Effectiveness Threshold		Use of Compulsory Licensing		Health Insurance Scheme for the Poor		Patient Cost-Sharing Reduction/Exemption		PAP		Assistance Foundations
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
High (n = 53)	24	45	40	75	26	49	31	58	18	34	16	30	6	11	1	2	1	2	4	8	13	25	2	4
Upper middle (n = 50)	45	90	20	40	5	10	7	14	7	14	3	6	0	0	1	2	3	6	2	4	30	60	0	0
Lower middle (n = 47)	43	91	4	9	2	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	2	1	2	0	0	37	79	0	0
Low (n = 26)	24	92	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	17	65	0	0
All (n = 176)	136	77	64	36	33	19	38	22	25	14	19	11	6	3	3	2	5	3	6	3	97	55	2	1

Abbreviations: PAPs, patient assistance programs; MEA, managed entry agreement; WHO-EML, World Health Organization Model Lists of Essential Medicines.