Table 2.
Factors associated with CS in Bangladesh.
| Variables | Model 1, OR (95% CI) | Model 2, OR (95% CI) | Model 3, OR (95% CI) | Model 4, OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual-level characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 15‒19 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 20‒24 | 1.04 (0.81 to 1.33) | 1.08 (0.85 to 1.38) | ||
| 25‒29 | 1.16 (0.90 to 1.50) | 1.22 (0.95 to 1.56) | ||
| 30‒34 | 1.37 (1.03 to 1.82)* | 1.36 (1.03 to 1.79)* | ||
| 35‒39 | 1.00 (0.69 to 1.46) | 1.05 (0.72 to 1.51) | ||
| 40‒49 | 1.32 (0.62 to 2.77) | 1.22 (0.59 to 2.51) | ||
| Educational status | ||||
| Pre-primary or none | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Primary | 0.89 (0.58 to 1.37) | 0.86 (0.56 to 1.31) | ||
| Secondary | 1.13 (0.75-1.69) | 1.08 (0.72 to 1.61) | ||
| Higher secondary or higher | 1.69 (1.10 to 2.61)* | 1.51 (0.98 to 2.33) | ||
| Household wealth status | ||||
| Poorest | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Poor | 1.28 (0.96 to 1.72) | 1.26 (0.95 to 1.67) | ||
| Middle | 1.21 (0.90 to 1.62) | 1.32 (0.99 to 1.76) | ||
| Rich | 1.19 (0.88 to 1.60) | 1.34 (1.00 to 1.80)* | ||
| Richest | 1.24 (0.91 to 1.70) | 1.54 (1.11 to 2.15)** | ||
| Received ANC (at least once) | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 1.75 (1.29 to 2.39)*** | 1.70 (1.26 to 2.30)*** | ||
| Delivery in private health facility | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 11.64 (9.57 to 14.16)*** | 10.35 (8.55 to 12.54)*** | ||
| Watch television (almost every day) | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 1.30 (1.08 to 1.55) | 1.18 (0.99 to 1.41) | ||
| Pregnancy was wanted | ||||
| Yes | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| No | 0.99 (0.82 to 1.20) | 0.96 (0.79 to 1.15) | ||
| Community-level characteristics | ||||
| Residence | ||||
| Rural | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Urban | 1.15 (0.96 to 1.37) | 0.99 (0.81 to 1.22) | ||
| Division | ||||
| Barishal | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Chattogram | 0.47 (0.33 to 0.65)*** | 0.42 (0.29 to 0.60)*** | ||
| Dhaka | 1.36 (0.98 to 1.90) | 1.18 (0.82 to 1.69) | ||
| Khulna | 1.15 (0.82 to 1.61) | 0.99 (0.69 to 1.43) | ||
| Mymensingh | 0.77 (0.48 to 1.24) | 1.15 (0.69 to 1.92) | ||
| Rajshahi | 0.90 (0.63 to 1.28) | 0.93 (0.63 to 1.36) | ||
| Rangpur | 0.89 (0.57 to 1.71) | 0.99 (0.67 to 1.46) | ||
| Sylhet | 0.33 (0.22 to 0.49)*** | 0.48 (0.31 to 0.75)** | ||
| Measure of variation | ||||
| Variance (SE) | 0.902 (0.149) | 0.688 (0.159) | 0.610 (0.129) | 0.430 (0.142) |
| ICC (%) | 21.53 | 17.31 | 15.65 | 11.57 |
| PCV (%) | Ref. | 23.72 | 32.37 | 52.32 |
| MOR | 2.46 | 2.19 | 2.10 | 1.86 |
| Model fit statistics | ||||
| AIC | 5989.08 | 4871.60 | 5866.87 | 4798.72 |
Ref.: reference category; SE: standard error.
aModel 1 (null model) was fitted without determinant variables.
bModel 2 is adjusted for individual-level variables only.
cModel 3 is adjusted for community-level variables only.
dModel 4 is adjusted for both individual- and community-level variables.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.