Richards 2005.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study design: RCT Follow‐up: day 17–21
Participants	Country: USA, central Southeast Setting: 7 long‐term care facilities Inclusion criteria: aged ≥ 55 years baseline actigraphy data showing < 85% sleep efficiency ≥ 30 minutes of daytime sleep ≥ 1 month's residency MMSE ≤ 24 Exclusion criteria: not reported Number of participants completing the study: 139 (IG 71, CG 68) Baseline characteristics: not reported Group differences: not reported
Interventions	Intervention: 21 days of individualised social activities for 1–2 hours daily Control: usual care
Outcomes	Daytime sleep, minutes (actigraphy) Night‐time minutes to sleep onset (actigraphy) Night‐time total awakening length, minutes (actigraphy) Night‐time total sleep (actigraphy) Sleep efficiency (actigraphy)
Funding	Sponsorship source: Veterans Health Administration VA Research Career Development Award National Institute of Nursing Research National Institutes of Health/National Center for Research Resources to the General Clinical Research Center of the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Sequence generation	Unclear risk	Participants randomly assigned to IG or CG.
Allocation concealment	Unclear risk	No information.
Blinding of participants and personnel All outcomes	Unclear risk	Unknown.
Blinding of participants and personnel Subjective sleep quality (carer ratings)	Unclear risk	Unknown.
Blinding of participants and personnel Objective sleep measures	Unclear risk	Unknown.
Blinding of outcome assessors Objective outcome measures	Unclear risk	Not blinded, but probably not relevant (maybe determination of "time in bed" by nursing assistants).
Blinding of outcome assessors Subjective sleep quality (carer ratings)	Unclear risk	No information available.
Incomplete outcome data All outcomes	Low risk	Outcomes available for most. No information about group differences.
Selective outcome reporting	Unclear risk	No protocol identified.
Other sources of bias	Low risk	None.