Table 2.
Health-related quality of life, mortality, cardiovascular events and re-hospitalisation among post-hospitalisation COVID-19 patients
| Outcome | Total | Highest score on six-point ordinal severity scale during hospital stay | Adjusted differencea (95%CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Score 2: no oxygen therapy | Score 3: oxygen by mask or nasal prongs | Score 4: HFNC oxygen therapy or NIV | Score 5: MV | Score 3 vs Score 2 | Score 4 vs Score 2 | Score 5 vs Score 2 | ||
| EQ-5D-3L utility scoreb at 12 months | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) |
0.8 (0.24) |
0.84 (0.21) |
0.83 (0.22) |
0.83 (0.21) |
0.7 (0.31) |
0.01 (− 0.01 to 0.04) |
0.02 (− 0.05 to 0.09) |
− 0.1 (− 0.15 to − 0.06) |
| Median (IQR) |
0.8 (0.73–1) |
1 (0.74–1) |
0.8 (0.74–1) |
0.8 (0.79–1) |
0.79 (0.58–1) |
|||
| n assessed | 1156 | 520 | 305 | 77 | 254 | |||
| All-cause mortalityc | ||||||||
| 0–3 months |
19/1428 (1.3%) |
3/663 (0.4%) |
1/367 (0.3%) |
0/92 (0%) |
15/306 (4.9%) |
− 0.2 (− 0.8 to 0.4) |
− 0.5 (− 0.7 to − 0.2) |
4.4 (1 to 7.9) |
| 0–6 months |
22/1394 (1.6%) |
3/647 (0.5%) |
1/357 (0.3%) |
0/90 (0%) |
18/300 (6%) |
− 0.2 (− 0.7 to 0.3) |
− 0.5 (− 0.6 to − 0.3) |
5.5 (2.5 to 8.6) |
| 0–9 months |
26/1366 (1.9%) |
3/633 (0.5%) |
4/347 (1.2%) |
1/88 (1.1%) |
18/298 (6.1%) |
0.4 (0.2 to 0.7) |
0.5 (− 1.4 to 2.3) |
5.7 (2.7 to 8.7) |
| 0–12 months |
36/1293 (2.8%) |
7/600 (1.2%) |
5/329 (1.5%) |
2/83 (2.4%) |
22/281 (7.9%) |
0.8 (0.3 to 1.3) |
1.3 (− 2.8 to 5.5) |
7.1 (2.5 to 11.8) |
| Major cardiovascular eventsc,d | ||||||||
| 0–3 months |
13/1202 (1.1%) |
4/577 (0.7%) |
1/317 (0.3%) |
1/77 (1.3%) |
7/231 (3%) |
− 0.9 (− 1.3 to − 0.5) |
− 0.3 (− 2.5 to 3) |
1.9 (− 0.5 to 4.3) |
| 0–6 months |
19/1092 (1.7%) |
7/511 (1.4%) |
1/292 (0.3%) |
2/72 (2.8%) |
9/217 (4.1%) |
− 1.9 (− 2.3 to − 1.5) |
− 0.4 (− 3.8 to 4.7) |
2 (− 0.2 to 4.3) |
| 0–9 months |
21/1020 (2.1%) |
8/466 (1.7%) |
2/275 (0.7%) |
2/67 (3%) |
9/212 (4.2%) |
− 1.4 (− 2.1 to − 0.7) |
0.7 (− 2.9 to 4.3) |
2 (0.1 to 4.2) |
| 0–12 months |
26/944 (2.7%) |
10/427 (2.3%) |
3/255 (1.2%) |
2/64 (3.1%) |
11/198 (5.6%) |
− 1.8 (− 3 to − 0.5) |
0.2 (− 3.2 to 3.6) |
2.6 (0.6 to 4.6) |
| Re-hospitalisationsc | ||||||||
| 0–3 months |
60/1201 (5%) |
23/576 (4%) |
15/317 (4.7%) |
4/77 (5.2%) |
18/231 (7.8%) |
0.6 (− 2 to 3.3) |
1.1 (− 3.61 to 5.82) |
3.9 (1.6 to 6.2) |
| 0–6 months |
88/1094 (8%) |
34/514 (6.6%) |
18/292 (6.2%) |
6/71 (8.4%) |
30/217 (13.8%) |
− 0.1 (− 3.8 to 3.6) |
2.2 (− 2.7 to 7.1) |
7.3 (3.9 to 10.7) |
| 0–9 months |
133/1032 (12.9%) |
60/470 (12.8%) |
24/277 (8.7%) |
8/67 (11.9%) |
41/218 (18.8%) |
− 3.3 (− 8.1 to 1.4) |
0.1 (− 8.4 to 8.6) |
6.1 (3.3 to 9) |
| 0–12 months |
179/972 (18.4%) |
86/438 (19.6%) |
33/261 (12.6%) |
9/64 (14.1%) |
51/209 (24.4%) |
− 6.3 (− 9.6 to − 2.9) |
− 4.8 (− 15.5 to 5.8) |
4.2 (1 to 7.4) |
Data are mean (SD), or median (IQR), or n/N (%). The differing denominators used indicate missing data
CI confidence interval, EQ-5D-3L EuroQol five-dimension three-level questionnaire, HFNC high-flow nasal cannula, IQR interquartile range (p25–p75), NIV non-invasive ventilation, MV mechanical ventilation, SD standard deviation
aMean difference for continuous outcomes or absolute difference for categorical outcomes adjusted for age, sex, number of comorbidities, and the trial in which the patient was enrolled (cluster effect)
bIn the Brazilian population, scores range from − 0.17 (worst) to 1 (best), with a minimal clinically important difference of 0.03 [16, 17]. The mean value for the Brazilian population is 0.82 [18]. This analysis included 1120 survivors and 36 dead patients. A total of 958 (82.9%) of 1156 assessments were performed directly with patients, whereas 198 (17.1%) of 1156 assessments were performed indirectly with proxies
cNumber of patients with new outcome events divided by the population at risk at the beginning of period except patients with missing outcome data
dComposite of non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular death