. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 3.

Published in final edited form as: Health Aff (Millwood). 2020 May;39(5):768–776. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00735

Exhibit 3.

Factors contributing to associations between racial and economic spatial polarization and severe maternal morbidity in New York City in 2012–14

	ICE Race		ICE Income		ICE Race-Income

Factors	Cases per 100	% of difference due to factor	Cases per 100	% of difference due to factor	Cases per 100	% of difference due to factor
Sociodemographic factors^a	0.07	3.6%	0.11	16.2%^***	0.14	7.3%^**
Comorbidities^b	0.98	50.1^****	0.44	62.6^****	0.94	49.2^****
Delivery hospital	0.71	36.3^****	0.10	14.2	0.67	34.8^****

SOURCE Authors’ analysis of New York City birth certificate and hospital discharge data linked to American Community Survey data.

NOTES N = 316,600. The Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) measures for race, income, and race and income are explained in the notes to exhibit 1. “Percent of difference” refers to the amount of risk difference between racially and economically polarized neighborhoods that is due to the factor.

Age, nativity, previous live births, education, and insurance status.

Prepregnancy body mass index, multiple pregnancy, prepregnancy diabetes, prepregnancy hypertension, gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, cardiac disease, renal disease, pulmonary disease, musculoskeletal disease, blood disorders, mental disorders, central nervous system disorders, rheumatic heart disease, placentation disorders, anemia, asthma, and prior cesarean delivery.

^**

p < 0.05

^***

p < 0.01

^****

p < 0.001