Table 2.

Characteristics of bioprinting materials

Type of material	Materials	Basic Performance	Special Performance	Reference
Inorganic Biomaterials	Metals such as titanium and its alloys	High strength; Low modulus of elasticity; Low density	/	[61, 62]
	Bioceramic materials	Biocompatibility; Osteoconductivity; Corrosion resistance; High compressive strength; Low tensile strength	Potential for long-term bone tissue implants	[63, 64]
	Clay, hydroxyapatite, graphene, carbon nanotubes, etc	Mechanical Properties; Printability	Biomineralization	[65, 66]
Synthetic Polymers	PCL	Biocompatibility; Low biodegradation rate	Osteogenesis (compare with PLA)	[67, 68]
	PLA	Good ductility; Good stiffness; Machinability; Biocompatible; Fast biodegradation rate	/	[69, 70]
	PU	Biocompatibility; High elasticity	Adjustable physicochemical properties and degradation rates	[71]
Natural Biopolymers	Alg	Low cost; Biocompatibility; Tunable rheological and mechanical properties	Adjusting the concentration can change the cell survival rate	[72–75]
	COL	Easy Extraction Printability; Biocompatible	Mixing and cross-linking other biomaterials to modulate biological functions and mechanical properties	[76–80]
	GEL	Biocompatibility; High water absorption; Biodegradability; Non-immune; Thermal responsiveness RGD base sequence	Photosensitive materials prepared by methacrylating modification can be used for light-curing printing	[81–84]
	HA	Biocompatibility; Biodegradability	Differences in the mechanical and biological properties of hydrogels prepared from HA with different molecular weights	[85, 86]
	SF	Biocompatibility; Biodegradability; Processability; Good mechanical properties	β-sheet stacking structure, low viscosity and other characteristics hinder its application	[87–90]
	CHO	Biocompatibility; Biodegradability; Antibacterial properties	Demonstrates healing-promoting ability in chronic wounds	[91, 92]
	dECM	Biocompatibility; Provides a cell-specific microenvironment; Preserves some cell-specific functions	Compensate for the lack of mechanical and biological properties by dECM modification	[93–95]
Composites	PEG diacrylate + GelMA	Biocompatibility; Good mechanical properties; High resistance to degradation	High fidelity and tunable mechanical properties	[96]
	CHO + COL	Biocompatibility Printability; Good mechanical properties	Adjust the mechanical properties and printability of bioprinting products by changing the gelation temperature	[97]
	PLA + PCL	Good mechanical properties; Biodegradability	Poor biocompatibility is still a difficult problem to solve	[98, 99]
	HAp + GEL	Biocompatibility; Good mechanical properties	Excellent shape fidelity; mechanical strength comparable to that of native bone; and enhanced bioactivity in terms of cell proliferation, attachment, and osteogenic differentiation	[100]