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. 2023 Jan 3;20:3. doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02687-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Astrocytes affect the frequency, but not the amplitude, of both sEPSCs and mEPSCs. A Both astrocytes and ACM increased the frequency of sEPSCs compared to control neuronal monocultures. B The amplitude of sEPSCs was not affected by the presence of astrocytes or ACM. D Under TTx 0.5 µM treatment, only the ACM increased the frequency of mEPSCs compared to neuronal monocultures. E The amplitude of mEPSCs was not affected by the presence of astrocytes or ACM. C, F Representative traces of gap-free recordings. Red arrowheads indicate the position of EPSCs. (Results are shown as mean ± S.E.M.; neurons: n = 23 cells out of two batches, neurons + astrocytes: n = 9 cells out of one batch, neurons + ACM: n = 17 cells out of two batches; **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001: significantly different from neuronal monocultures)