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. 2022 Dec 30;12(12):e056435. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056435

Table 2.

Trial outcomes at 9 months of age (window 9–11 months)

Endpoint Definition
Energy intake Percentage of infants meeting daily energy requirements at 9 months of age (window 9–11 months), measured by multipass 24-hour dietary recall.
Protein, iron, zinc and folate intake Percentage of infants meeting daily protein, iron, zinc and folate requirements at 9 months of age, measured by multipass 24-hour dietary recall.
Length-for-age Z-score Length-for-age expressed as a Z-score compared with the WHO 2006 reference median
Weight-for-age Z score Weight-for-age expressed as a Z-score compared with the WHO 2006 reference median
Weight-for-length
Z score
Weight-for-length expressed as a Z-score compared with the WHO 2006 reference median
Haemoglobin Concentration of haemoglobin (in g/dL) in a whole blood sample, measured by HemoCue point-of-care assay and adjusted for altitude
Microbiome maturity Microbiota-for-age Z-score
Environmental enteric dysfunction Biomarkers of intestinal inflammation (faecal neopterin and myeloperoxidase), small intestinal damage (plasma I-FABP and citrulline), intestinal permeability (faecal A1AT), microbial translocation (plasma sCD14, LBP), systemic inflammation (plasma CRP, AGP, TNF-alpha and K:T ratio) and growth hormone axis (IGF-1)
Innate immune cell phenotype Surface marker expression by peripheral blood monocytes and neutrophils
Innate immune cell function Surface marker expression and cytokine secretion from innate immune cells challenged with lipopolysaccharide in vitro relative to unstimulated controls
Capacity of innate immune cells to internalise bacteria in vitro
Plasma essential amino acids Plasma concentrations of phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine and histidine, as measured by LC-MS-MS
Plasma choline Plasma concentration of choline, as measured by LC-MS-MS
Urinary metabolic signature Global untargeted metabolomic phenotyping undertaken by 1H nuclear MR spectroscopy

AGP, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein; CRP, C reactive protein; LBP, lipopolysaccharide binding protein; LC-MS-MS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.