Table 2.
Endpoint | Definition |
Energy intake | Percentage of infants meeting daily energy requirements at 9 months of age (window 9–11 months), measured by multipass 24-hour dietary recall. |
Protein, iron, zinc and folate intake | Percentage of infants meeting daily protein, iron, zinc and folate requirements at 9 months of age, measured by multipass 24-hour dietary recall. |
Length-for-age Z-score | Length-for-age expressed as a Z-score compared with the WHO 2006 reference median |
Weight-for-age Z score | Weight-for-age expressed as a Z-score compared with the WHO 2006 reference median |
Weight-for-length Z score |
Weight-for-length expressed as a Z-score compared with the WHO 2006 reference median |
Haemoglobin | Concentration of haemoglobin (in g/dL) in a whole blood sample, measured by HemoCue point-of-care assay and adjusted for altitude |
Microbiome maturity | Microbiota-for-age Z-score |
Environmental enteric dysfunction | Biomarkers of intestinal inflammation (faecal neopterin and myeloperoxidase), small intestinal damage (plasma I-FABP and citrulline), intestinal permeability (faecal A1AT), microbial translocation (plasma sCD14, LBP), systemic inflammation (plasma CRP, AGP, TNF-alpha and K:T ratio) and growth hormone axis (IGF-1) |
Innate immune cell phenotype | Surface marker expression by peripheral blood monocytes and neutrophils |
Innate immune cell function | Surface marker expression and cytokine secretion from innate immune cells challenged with lipopolysaccharide in vitro relative to unstimulated controls Capacity of innate immune cells to internalise bacteria in vitro |
Plasma essential amino acids | Plasma concentrations of phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine and histidine, as measured by LC-MS-MS |
Plasma choline | Plasma concentration of choline, as measured by LC-MS-MS |
Urinary metabolic signature | Global untargeted metabolomic phenotyping undertaken by 1H nuclear MR spectroscopy |
AGP, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein; CRP, C reactive protein; LBP, lipopolysaccharide binding protein; LC-MS-MS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.