Table 3. Multiple logistic regression analysis to determine factors associated with high risk of smartphone addiction.

Variable	B	Wald	AOR+	95% CI#	P
Kulliyyah
Dentistry (reference)
Medicine	0.57	4.68	0.56	0.34-0.95	0.03*
Gender
Female (reference)
Male	0.80	7.61	2.23	1.26-3.94	0.01*
Sleep problems
Yes (reference)
No	0.24	0.83	0.79	0.47-1.32	0.36
Time spent on smartphone (hours per day)
>3 (reference)
0-3	0.87	7.40	0.42	0.23-0.79	0.01*
Use of smartphone for social media
No (reference)
Yes	0.63	4.08	1.87	1.02-3.43	0.04*
Use of smartphone for education-related activities
No (reference)
Yes	0.70	7.24	0.50	0.30-0.83	0.01*
Depression
No (reference)
Yes	0.63	5.85	1.87	1.13-3.12	0.02*
Stress
No (reference)
Yes	0.34	1.60	1.41	0.83-2.39	0.21