Table 1.
Patient and Study Characteristics
| First Author and Cohort | Year | Cohort Size Exp (Participants) | Cohort Size Con (Participants) | Rate Ratio | FU (Weeks) | Blinding | Mean Age (Years) | Mean DOI (Years) | Patient Type | Male Percentage | Reduction Period (Weeks) | Medication Type | Pre Dose (mg) | Post Dose (mg) | Reduction Style | Relapse Definition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diamond38 | 1960 | 20 | 20 | 3,7 | 26 | Yes | 46,6 | 11,0 | Inpatients | nd | 0 | Oral | 8,5 | 0,0 | Abrupt | Clinical Judgment |
| Blackburn39 | 1961 | 14 | 25 | 4,8 | 16 | No | nd | nd | Inpatients | 100 | 0 | Oral | nd | 0,0 | Abrupt | Rated on scales |
| Freeman40 | 1962 | 46 | 48 | 2,3 | 26 | Yes | 41,1 | 13,0 | Inpatients | nd | 0 | Oral | 4,6 | 0,0 | Abrupt | Clinical Judgment |
| Whittaker 141 | 1963 | 13 | 6 | 2,3 | 10 | No | 50,2 | 16,0 | Outpatients | 100 | 0 | Oral | 6,0 | 0,0 | Abrupt | Clinical Judgment |
| Whittaker 241 | 1963 | 13 | 7 | 2,7 | 10 | Yes | 49,5 | 15,0 | Outpatients | 100 | 0 | Oral | 6,0 | 0,0 | Abrupt | Clinical Judgment |
| Marjerrison42 | 1964 | 171 | 44 | 10,9 | 22 | Yes | 47,0 | 20,0 | Inpatients | 48 | 0 | Oral | nd | 0,0 | Abrupt | Rated on scales |
| Caffey 143 | 1964 | 89 | 44 | 9,9 | 16 | Yes | 40,0 | 10,0 | Inpatients | 100 | 1 | Oral | 7,5 | 0,0 | Gradual | Clinical Judgment |
| Caffey 243 | 1964 | 31 | 26 | 3,2 | 16 | Yes | 40,0 | 10,0 | Inpatients | 100 | 1 | Oral | 7,5 | 4,3 | Gradual | Clinical Judgment |
| Melnyk44 | 1966 | 16 | 9 | 21,0 | 6 | Yes | 42,8 | 12,0 | Inpatients | 65 | 0 | Oral | 7,0 | 0,0 | Abrupt | Clinical Judgment |
| Garfield45 | 1966 | 20 | 20 | 2,8 | 22 | Yes | 42,6 | 11,0 | Inpatients | 0 | 1 | Oral | 12,8 | 0,0 | Gradual | Clinical Judgment |
| Morton46 | 1968 | 20 | 20 | 2,8 | 26 | Yes | nd | nd | nd | 100 | 0 | nd | nd | 0,0 | Abrupt | Clinical Judgment |
| Rassidakis47 | 1970 | 13 | 13 | 1,7 | 39 | No | 49,3 | 24,0 | Inpatients | 43 | 0 | nd | nd | 0,0 | Abrupt | Clinical Judgment |
| Baro48 | 1970 | 43 | 41 | 27,0 | 10 | Yes | nd | nd | Inpatients | 100 | 1 | LAI | 50,1 | 0,0 | Gradual | Clinical Judgment |
| Hershon49 | 1972 | 11 | 11 | 4,5 | 16 | Yes | 55,1 | nd | Inpatients | 52 | 1 | LAI | 11,3 | 0,0 | Gradual | Clinical Judgment |
| Ota50 | 1973 | 49 | 49 | 4,0 | 13 | Yes | 42,9 | nd | Inpatients | 55 | 0 | Oral | 7,5 | 0,0 | Abrupt | Clinical Judgment |
| Andrews51 | 1976 | 17 | 14 | 4,9 | 42 | Yes | 53,8 | nd | Inpatients | 100 | 0 | Oral | 4,6 | 0,0 | Abrupt | Clinical Judgment |
| Lonowski52 | 1978 | 25 | 23 | 0,9 | 15 | Yes | 47,11 | 12,2 | Inpatients | 56 | 15 | LAI | 6,6 | 1,4 | Gradual | Rated on scales |
| Levine 153 | 1980 | 27 | 6 | nd | 15 | No | 31,2 | nd | Inpatients | 46 | nd | Oral | 24,2 | 0,0 | Abrupt | Clinical Judgment |
| Levine 253 | 1980 | 23 | 11 | 3,3 | 15 | No | 32,1 | nd | Inpatients | 52 | nd | LAI | 12,4 | 0,0 | Gradual | Clinical Judgment |
| Lehmann54 | 1980 | 20 | 20 | 2,0 | 24 | Yes | 38,2 | 9,8 | nd | 68 | 2 | LAI | 270,0 | 30,0 | Gradual | Clinical Judgment |
| Cheung55 | 1981 | 13 | 15 | 3,9 | 78 | Yes | 39,6 | 11,0 | Outpatients | 43 | 0 | Oral | 3.3 | 0,0 | Abrupt | Clinical Judgment |
| Odejide56 | 1982 | 27 | 26 | 2,8 | 52 | Yes | nd | nd | Outpatients | nd | 6 | LAI | 20,0 | 0,0 | Gradual | Rated on scales |
| Lehmann57 | 1983 | 60 | 56 | 3,0 | 48 | No | 47,7 | nd | Outpatients | 49 | nd | Oral | 7,3 | 1,5 | Gradual | Clinical Judgment |
| Johnson58 | 1983 | 63 | 62 | 7,6 | 78 | No | 32,0 | nd | Outpatients | 52 | 2 | LAI | nd | 0,0 | Gradual | Rated on scales |
| Kane59 | 1983 | 62 | 32 | 11,9 | 52 | Yes | 29,0 | 6,0 | Inpatients | nd | 3 | LAI | 20,0 | 2,0 | Gradual | Clinical Judgement |
| Wistedt60 | 1983 | 16 | 22 | 1,7 | 24 | Yes | 44,4 | 11,7 | Outpatients | 50 | 3 | LAI | 11,0 | 0,0 | Gradual | Rated on scales |
| Channabasavanna61 | 1987 | 14 | 14 | 13,3 | 12 | Yes | 36,0 | 11,0 | Outpatients | 64 | 0 | Oral | 6,1 | 0,0 | Abrupt | Clinical Judgment |
| Cookson62 | 1987 | 28 | 31 | 3,0 | 44 | Yes | 46,0 | 14,0 | Inpatients | 67 | 2 | LAI | nd | >0 | Gradual | Rated on scales |
| Johnson63 | 1987 | 9 | 9 | 1,5 | 52 | Yes | 40,0 | 10,0 | Outpatients | 46 | 2 | LAI | nd | >0 | Gradual | Rated on scales |
| Hogarthy64 | 1988 | 30 | 25 | 1,3 | 54 | Yes | 28,3 | 7,0 | Outpatients | 57 | 2 | LAI | 25,8 | 4,6 | Gradual | Rated on scales |
| Faraone65 | 1989 | 22 | 7 | 17,0 | 26 | Yes | nd | nd | Outpatients | 100 | 5 | Oral | nd | >0 | Gradual | Clinical Judgment |
| Sampath66 | 1992 | 12 | 12 | 1,9 | 12 | Yes | 57,6 | 31,0 | Inpatients | nd | 2 | LAI | 40,0 | 0,0 | Gradual | Rated on scales |
| Inderbitzin67 | 1994 | 20 | 17 | 1,3 | 30 | Yes | 41,2 | 18,0 | Outpatients | 73 | 22 | LAI | 27,3 | 13,8 | Gradual | Clinical Judgment |
| Hogarthy68 | 1995 | 38 | 41 | 0,2 | 13 | Yes | 33,7 | 9,7 | Outpatients | 66 | 2 | LAI | 22,3 | 12,6 | Gradual | Clinical Judgment |
| Huttunen 69 | 1996 | 9 | 10 | 1,1 | 104 | No | nd | nd | Outpatients | 53 | 4 | Oral | nd | 4,0 | Gradual | Clinical Judgment |
| Hirschowitz 170 | 1997 | 6 | 8 | 2,7 | 52 | Yes | 48,0 | 24,2 | Inpatients | 100 | 2 | Oral | 18,3 | 1,0 | Gradual | Rated on scales |
| Hirschowitz 2 70 | 1997 | 8 | 8 | 0,5 | 52 | Yes | 43,1 | 23,2 | Inpatients | 75 | 2 | Oral | 20,0 | 11,0 | Gradual | Rated on scales |
| Schooler71 | 1997 | 106 | 107 | 1,2 | 104 | Yes | 29,6 | 21,1 | Inpatients | 66 | 2 | LAI | 37,1 | 16,3 | Gradual | Rated on scales |
| Carpenter72 | 1999 | 25 | 25 | 1,6 | 54 | Yes | 36,2 | 13,0 | Outpatients | 60 | 6 | LAI | 30 | 10,0 | Gradual | Rated on scales |
| Volavka73 | 2000 | 11 | 12 | 1,1 | 16 | Yes | 40,2 | 20,4 | Inpatients | 87 | 12 | Oral | 32,9 | 19,4 | Gradual | Clinical Judgment |
| Arato74 | 2002 | 71 | 206 | 1,8 | 52 | Yes | 48,8 | 22,0 | Inpatients | 83 | 0 | Oral | nd | 0,0 | Abrupt | Rated on scales |
| Khazaie75 | 2005 | 25 | 25 | 1,2 | 54 | Yes | 34,0 | 12,0 | Outpatients | 72 | 6 | LAI | 20,7 | 10,0 | Gradual | Rated on scales |
| Ushida76 | 2006 | 17 | 17 | nd | 24 | Yes | 40,1 | 15,8 | Outpatients | 53 | 12 | Oral | 14 | 8,0 | Gradual | Clinical Judgment |
| Kramer77 | 2007 | 55 | 56 | 2,1 | 34 | Yes | 40,7 | 12,6 | nd | 51 | 0 | Oral | 10,8 | 0,0 | Abrupt | Rated on scales |
| Rouillon78 | 2008 | 49 | 48 | 2,0 | 26 | No | 39,5 | nd | Outpatients | 65 | nd | Oral | 7,4 | 5,3 | Gradual | Clinical Judgment |
| Hough79 | 2008 | 140 | 133 | 2,7 | 46 | Yes | 39,1 | 11,9 | nd | 54 | 4 | LAI | 6,6 | 0,0 | Gradual | Rated on scales |
| Kane 180 | 2010 | 203 | 205 | 2,3 | 24 | Yes | 37,7 | nd | Outpatients | 60 | 0 | Oral | 2,8 | 0,2 | Abrupt | Rated on scales |
| Kane 280 | 2010 | 144 | 133 | 4,5 | 24 | Yes | 39,5 | nd | Outpatients | 67 | 0 | Oral | 2,8 | 1,4 | Abrupt | Rated on scales |
| Wang81 | 2010 | 245 | 129 | 2,6 | 52 | No | 32,0 | 6,4 | Inpatients | 45 | 8 | Oral | 4,3 | 2,1 | Gradual | Rated on scales |
| Takeuchi82 | 2013 | 31 | 30 | 1,0 | 24 | No | 40,9 | 15,5 | Outpatients | 58 | 4 | Oral | 4,8 | 2,5 | Gradual | Rated on scales |
| Yamanouchi83 | 2014 | 62 | 163 | 2,6 | 52 | No | 60,0 | 32,0 | nd | 57 | 24 | Oral | 20,0 | 15,0 | Gradual | Clinical Judgment |
| Zhou84 | 2018 | 37 | 38 | 0,7 | 52 | Yes | 44,3 | 5,0 | Outpatients | 60 | 16 | Oral | 5,4 | 3,2 | Gradual | Rated on scales |
| Ozawa85 | 2019 | 17 | 18 | 7,4 | 52 | Yes | 64,1 | nd | Inpatients | 37 | 4 | nd | 7,0 | 2,8 | Gradual | Clinical Judgment |
| Huhn86 | 2021 | 10 | 8 | 0,4 | 14 | Yes | 44,7 | 16,8 | Outpatients | 55 | 14 | Oral | 5,8 | 3,5 | Gradual | Rated on scales |
| Total | — | 2366 | 2205 | — | 1872 | — | — | 545 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Mean | — | — | — | 4.3 | 34,7 | — | 42,2 | 14,7 | — | 65,5 | 3,9 | — | 20,7 | 3,6 | — | — |
| SD | — | — | — | 5,2 | 22,5 | — | 7,9 | 6,4 | — | 21,6 | 5,7 | — | 40,5 | 6,2 | — | — |
Note: exp, experimental group = dose reduction or discontinuation condition; con, control group = maintenance condition; FU, follow-up period; DOI, duration of illness; nd, no data.