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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 31.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Soc Rev. 2022 Oct 31;51(21):9127–9173. doi: 10.1039/d2cs00618a

Figure 1. An overview of the material design roadmap for tough bioadhesives.

Figure 1.

Development of bioadhesive materials involves: (i) design for cohesion where a combination of the polymer backbone and crosslinking strategy is selected to ensure mechanical durability in a tough hydrogel, and (ii) design for bioadhesion where a mixture of covalent and dynamic interactions, as well as mechanical interlocks, are incorporated into the material design.