Table 3:
Associations between OH-PAH mixtures and airway outcomes, estimated by logistic weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression*
| Outcome | Direction | OR (95% CI) | ppermutation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Current wheeze | Negative | 0.96 (0.88, 1.04) | NA |
| Positive | 1.04 (0.94, 1.14) | NA | |
| Current asthma | Negative | 1.00 (0.90, 1.11) | NA |
| Positive | 1.09 (0.98, 1.22) | NA | |
| Ever asthma | Negative | 0.91 (0.83, 1.00) | 0.27 |
| Positive | 0.98 (0.88, 1.10) | NA | |
| Strict asthma | Negative | 0.96 (0.86, 1.07) | NA |
| Positive | 1.06 (0.94, 1.19) | NA |
Logistic regression weighted quantile sum regression was performed using SG-adjusted OH-PAH metabolites categorized into deciles. Effect estimates represent the increased odds of reported outcome, scaled to a one-unit increase in WQS index and adjusted for all covariates in the full adjustment models: child age at assessment (continuous), child sex, study site, batch of OH-PAH analysis, and urinary specific gravity (continuous), maternal age (continuous), education (< high school, high school diploma, graduated college or technical school, and some graduate work or graduate/professional degree), race (Black and non-Black), pre-pregnancy BMI (continuous), household income (<15k, 15–25k, 25–45k, 45–55k, 55–65k, 65–65k, >=75k), parity (prior birth or not), maternal history of asthma, enrollment year, postnatal smoke exposure (any vs. none), and season of birth (categorical; winter, spring, summer, and fall). 95% CIs were estimated using the full analytic sample, without splitting into training and validation datasets. A permutation test p-value (ppermutation) was estimated for any model in which the full-sample 95% CIs did not include the null.
Abbreviations: CI – confidence interval; BMI – body mass index; OH-PAH – mono-hydroxylated-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; WQS – weighted quantile sum.