Fig. 1.

Progress of silicon-based photonic integration with different development stages since 1992. Examples of Large-scale multi-functionalization are listed: a Co-packaged Ethernet Switch. Image credit: Intel [17]. b Quantum Information processing. Adapted with permission from [18], copyright 2022, AAAS. c Micro display. Adapted with permission from [19], copyright 2021, IEEE. d Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). Adapted with permission from [20], copyright 2019, NPG. e Micro-comb. Adapted with permission from [21], copyright 2021, AAAS. f Photonic Neural Network Adapted with permission from [22], copyright 2017, NPG. g LiDAR Image credit: MIT Lincoln Laboratory [23]. h Sensor. Adapted with permission from [24], copyright 2019, SPIE