Table 3.
(A) Mean values and standard deviations of the insertion torques registered for the four techniques; (B) Post hoc comparison among the four different techniques, regarding the insertion torques
| A Groups | Mean ± standard deviation |
|---|---|
| Osteotomes | 31.67 ± 5.53 |
| Osseodensification | 71.67 ± 7.99 |
| Piezo | 43.33 ± 3.73 |
| Drills | 35.00 ± 0.00 |
| B Compared group | Reference group | Mean difference (Ncm) |
|---|---|---|
| Osteotomes | Osseodensification | − 40.00* |
| Piezo | − 11.67* | |
| Drills | − 3.33 | |
| Osseodensification | Osteotomes | 40.00* |
| Piezo | 28.33* | |
| Drills | 36.67* | |
| Piezo | Osteotomes | 11.67* |
| Osseodensification | − 28.33* | |
| Drills | 8.33 | |
| Drills | Osteotomes | 3.33 |
| Osseodensification | − 36.67* | |
| Piezo | − 8.33 |
*Indicates statistically significant values (p < 0.05). Positive mean difference = Decrease in insertion torque from the compared group to the reference group. Negative mean difference = Increase in in insertion torque from the compared group to the reference group