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. 2023 Jan 3;6:2. doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-04398-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Cross-sectional blood amylin and glucose concentrations in HIP rats age 6–8 months (n = 6), age 10–12 months (n = 13), and age 15–16 months (n = 12). b Blood amylin concentrations in humans with dementia (DEM) vs. HIP rats; same rats as in (n = 16) (a). c Flow cytometry sorting of circulating CD14⁺ monocytes positive for amylin in blood from same rats as in (b) (n = 10 males/group). d Confocal microscopic images of circulating monocytes stained for CD14⁺ (red) and amylin (green) in blood from the same rats as in (b) (n = 5 blood samples/group). e Interleukin (IL)-1β ELISA in plasma from HIP vs WT rats similar to groups in (b) (n = 10 males/group). f Confocal microscopic images showing IL-1β and amylin deposits in brain blood vessels in rats studied in (b) (n = 3 males/group). g IHC analysis of brain sections from HIP and WT rats from the same groups as in (c) showing vascular deposits of amylin (brown) and astroglial reactions (green stains for glial fibrillar acidic protein; GFAP) (n = 5 males/group). IHC analysis of phagocytic microglia (CD68) (h) and vascular monocyte recruitment (CD11b) (i) in brain sections from HIP vs WT rats from the same groups as in (b) (n = 10 males/group). Data are means ± SEM; unpaired t-test for all panels.