Table 3.
Awareness of diabetes symptoms by sociodemographic factors (n = 1,051).
| Diabetes symptoms - percentage of respondents who answered “yes” by sociodemographic factors | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | High blood sugar | Polyuria | Increased thirst or a feeling of dry mouth (polydypsia) | Unexpected excessive weight loss | Slow-healing wounds | |||||
| n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | |
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Female | 478 (85.4) | < 0.001 | 267 (47.7) | < 0.001 | 279 (67.7) | < 0.001 | 197 (35.2) | < 0.001 | 374 (66.8) | < 0.001 |
| Male | 370 (75.4) | 174 (35.4) | 224 (45.6) | 113 (23.0) | 241 (49.1) | |||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| 18–29 | 162 (71.7) | < 0.001 | 75 (33.2) | 0.048 | 108 (47.8) | < 0.001 | 65 (28.8) | 0.1 | 94 (41.6) | < 0.001 |
| 30–39 | 152 (72.7) | 92 (44.0) | 111 (53.1) | 55 (26.3) | 110 (52.6) | |||||
| 40–49 | 157 (82.6) | 81 (42.6) | 108 (56.8) | 46 (24.2) | 115 (60.5) | |||||
| 50–59 | 176 (87.1) | 90 (44.6) | 129 (63.9) | 66 (32.7) | 137 (67.8) | |||||
| 60+ | 201 (89.7) | 103 (46.0) | 147 (65.6) | 78 (34.8) | 159 (71.0) | |||||
| Educational level | ||||||||||
| Primary | 19 (67.9) | 0.04 | 10 (35.7) | 0.02 | 13 (46.4) | 0.05 | 3 (10.7) | 0.01 | 14 (50.0) | 0.3 |
| Vocational | 80 (73.4) | 37 (33.9) | 55 (50.5) | 23 (21.1) | 57 (52.3) | |||||
| Secondary | 375 (80.8) | 182 (39.2) | 257 (55.4) | 136 (29.3) | 271 (58.4) | |||||
| Higher | 374 (83.1) | 212 (47.1) | 278 (61.8) | 148 (32.9) | 273 (60.7) | |||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Single | 182 (72.8) | < 0.001 | 103 (41.2) | 0.7 | 136 (54.4) | 0.2 | 66 (26.4) | 0.6 | 121 (48.4) | < 0.001 |
| Married | 431 (82.9) | 223 (42.9) | 304 (58.5) | 155 (29.8) | 322 (61.9) | |||||
| Informal relationship | 130 (79.3) | 63 (38.4) | 88 (53.7) | 52 (31.7) | 94 (57.3) | |||||
| Divorced/widowed | 105 (89.7) | 52 (44.4) | 75 (64.1) | 37 (31.6) | 78 (66.7) | |||||
| Having children | ||||||||||
| Yes | 543 (84.4) | < 0.001 | 280 (43.5) | 0.2 | 394 (61.3) | 0.001 | 202 (31.4) | 0.09 | 412 (64.1) | < 0.001 |
| No | 305 (74.8) | 161 (39.5) | 209 (51.2) | 108 (26.5) | 203 (49.8) | |||||
| Place of residence | ||||||||||
| Rural | 269 (79.4) | 0.2 | 123 (36.3) | 0.09 | 178 (52.5) | 0.3 | 83 (24.5) | 0.08 | 186 (54.9) | 0.3 |
| City below 20,000 residents | 104 (85.2) | 52 (42.6) | 75 (61.5) | 34 (27.9) | 72 (59.0) | |||||
| City from 20,000 to 99,999 residents | 182 (76.8) | 102 (43.0) | 139 (58.6) | 83 (35.0) | 142 (59.9) | |||||
| City from 100,000 to 499,999 residents | 165 (82.5) | 90 (45.0) | 119 (59.5) | 61 (30.5) | 116 (58.0) | |||||
| City above 500,000 residents | 128 (83.7) | 74 (48.4) | 92 (60.1) | 49 (32.0) | 99 (64.7) | |||||
| Number of household members | ||||||||||
| 1 | 125 (78.6) | 0.5 | 70 (44.0) | 0.6 | 101 (63.5) | 0.09 | 49 (30.8) | 0.7 | 98 (61.6) | 0.4 |
| 2 or more | 723 (81.1) | 371 (41.6) | 502 (56.3) | 261 (29.3) | 517 (58.0) | |||||
| Occupational status | ||||||||||
| Active | 529 (79.8) | 0.3 | 280 (42.2) | 0.8 | 371 (56.0) | 0.2 | 197 (29.7) | 0.8 | 382 (57.6) | 0.4 |
| Passive | 319 (82.2) | 161 (41.5) | 232 (59.8) | 113 (29.1) | 233 (60.1) | |||||
| Self-reported financial situation | ||||||||||
| Good | 326 (81.3) | 0.8 | 178 (44.4) | 0.5 | 221 (55.1) | 0.5 | 129 (32.2) | 0.3 | 237 (59.1) | 0.5 |
| Moderate | 329 (81.0) | 165 (40.6) | 239 (58.9) | 111 (27.3) | 243 (59.9) | |||||
| Bad | 193 (79.1) | 98 (40.2) | 143 (58.6) | 70 (28.7) | 135 (55.3) | |||||
| Having diabetes | ||||||||||
| Yes | 98 (89.1) | 0.02 | 63 (57.3) | < 0.001 | 83 (75.5) | < 0.001 | 47 (42.7) | 0.001 | 77 (70.0) | 0.01 |
| No | 750 (79.7) | 378 (40.2) | 520 (55.3) | 263 (27.9) | 538 (57.2) | |||||
| History of diabetes in the family | ||||||||||
| Yes | 391 (85.0) | 0.002 | 221 (48.0) | < 0.001 | 299 (65.0) | < 0.001 | 161 (35.0) | < 0.001 | 312 (67.8) | < 0.001 |
| No | 457 (77.3) | 220 (37.2) | 304 (51.4) | 149 (25.2) | 303 (51.3) | |||||
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Female | 308 (55.0) | 0.01 | 149 (26.6) | 0.5 | 156 (27.9) | < 0.001 | 142 (25.4) | < 0.001 | 458 (81.8) | < 0.001 |
| Male | 231 (47.0) | 122 (24.8) | 82 (16.7) | 65 (13.2) | 326 (66.4) | |||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| 18–29 | 86 (38.1) | < 0.001 | 64 (28.3) | 0.5 | 42 (18.6) | 0.3 | 32 (14.2) | 0.003 | 153 (67.7) | 0.02 |
| 30–39 | 103 (49.3) | 60 (28.7) | 54 (25.8) | 33 (15.8) | 149 (71.3) | |||||
| 40–49 | 102 (53.7) | 42 (22.1) | 39 (20.5) | 34 (17.9) | 148 (77.9) | |||||
| 50–59 | 120 (59.4) | 52 (25.7) | 47 (23.3) | 55 (27.2) | 163 (80.7) | |||||
| 60+ | 128 (57.1) | 53 (23.7) | 56 (25.0) | 53 (23.7) | 171 (76.3) | |||||
| Educational level | ||||||||||
| Primary | 14 (50.0) | 0.01 | 9 (32.1) | 0.006 | 7 (25.0) | < 0.001 | 2 (7.1) | 0.02 | 17 (60.7) | 0.1 |
| Vocational | 51 (46.8) | 18 (16.5) | 11 (10.1) | 14 (12.8) | 74 (67.9) | |||||
| Secondary | 217 (46.8) | 107 (23.1) | 80 (17.2) | 86 (18.5) | 349 (75.2) | |||||
| Higher | 257 (57.1) | 137 (30.4) | 140 (31.1) | 105 (23.3) | 344 (76.4) | |||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Single | 110 (44.0) | 0.046 | 72 (28.8) | 0.1 | 53 (21.2) | 0.8 | 45 (18.0) | 0.1 | 177 (70.8) | 0.4 |
| Married | 283 (54.4) | 117 (22.5) | 124 (23.8) | 109 (21.0) | 393 (75.6) | |||||
| Informal relationship | 82 (50.0) | 48 (29.3) | 35 (21.3) | 24 (14.6) | 122 (74.4) | |||||
| Divorced/widowed | 64 (54.7) | 34 (29.1) | 26 (22.2) | 29 (24.8) | 92 (78.6) | |||||
| Having children | ||||||||||
| Yes | 354 (55.1) | 0.002 | 156 (24.3) | 0.2 | 151 (23.5) | 0.4 | 141 (21.9) | 0.02 | 498 (77.4) | 0.008 |
| No | 185 (45.3) | 115 (28.2) | 87 (21.3) | 66 (16.2) | 286 (70.1) | |||||
| Place of residence | ||||||||||
| Rural | 165 (48.7) | 0.7 | 73 (21.5) | 0.01 | 57 (16.8) | 0.02 | 51 (15.0) | 0.04 | 246 (72.6) | 0.7 |
| City below 20,000 residents | 65 (53.3) | 27 (22.1) | 27 (22.1) | 29 (23.8) | 91 (74.6) | |||||
| City from 20,000 to 99,999 residents | 125 (52.7) | 71 (30.0) | 58 (24.5) | 59 (24.9) | 182 (76.8) | |||||
| City from 100,000 to 499,999 residents | 108 (54.0) | 47 (23.5) | 56 (28.0) | 37 (18.5) | 146 (73.0) | |||||
| City above 500,000 residents | 76 (49.7) | 53 (34.6) | 40 (26.1) | 31 (20.3) | 119 (77.8) | |||||
| Number of household members | ||||||||||
| 1 | 79 (49.7) | 0.7 | 44 (27.7) | 0.6 | 40 (25.2) | 0.4 | 37 (23.3) | 0.2 | 120 (75.5) | 0.8 |
| 2 or more | 460 (51.6) | 227 (25.4) | 198 (22.2) | 170 (19.1) | 664 (74.4) | |||||
| Occupational status | ||||||||||
| Active | 343 (51.7) | 0.7 | 173 (26.1) | 0.8 | 155 (23.4) | 0.5 | 126 (19.0) | 0.5 | 490 (73.9) | 0.5 |
| Passive | 196 (50.5) | 98 (25.3) | 83 (21.4) | 81 (20.9) | 294 (75.8) | |||||
| Self-reported financial situation | ||||||||||
| Good | 206 (51.4) | 0.6 | 102 (25.4) | 0.8 | 92 (22.9) | 0.5 | 71 (17.7) | 0.4 | 299 (74.6) | 0.3 |
| Moderate | 214 (52.7) | 109 (26.8) | 97 (23.9) | 84 (20.7) | 311 (76.6) | |||||
| Bad | 119 (48.8) | 60 (24.6) | 49 (20.1) | 52 (21.3) | 174 (71.3) | |||||
| Having diabetes | ||||||||||
| Yes | 79 (71.8) | < 0.001 | 43 (39.1) | < 0.001 | 27 (24.5) | 0.6 | 27 (24.5) | 0.2 | 83 (75.5) | 0.8 |
| No | 460 (48.9) | 228 (24.2) | 211 (22.4) | 180 (19.1) | 701 (74.5) | |||||
| History of diabetes in the family | ||||||||||
| Yes | 276 (60.0) | < 0.001 | 145 (31.5) | < 0.001 | 124 (27.0) | 0.003 | 106 (23.0) | 0.02 | 374 (81.3) | < 0.001 |
| No | 263 (44.5) | 126 (21.3) | 114 (19.3) | 101 (17.1) | 410 (69.4) | |||||
The bold values present results that meet the statistical significance requirement set at p < 0.05.