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. 2022 Dec 21;10:1029358. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1029358

Table 7.

Factors associated with awareness of diabetes symptoms among adults in Poland (n = 1,051)—multivariable logistic regression model.

Factors associated with awareness of diabetes symptoms among adults in Poland
Variable High blood sugar Polyuria Increased thirst or a feeling of dry mouth (polydipsia) Unexpected excessive weight loss Slow–healing wounds
OR (95%CI) p OR (95%CI) p OR (95%CI) p OR (95%CI) p OR (95%CI) p
Gender
Female 1.76 (1.26–2.47) 0.001 1.68 (1.29–2.20) < 0.001 2.49 (1.90–3.26) < 0.001 1.75 (1.31–2.34) < 0.001 2.03 (1.55–2.67) < 0.001
Male Reference Refe;rence Reference Reference Reference
Age (years)
18–29 Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
30–39 1.07 (0.67–1.71) 0.9 1.61 (1.05–2.47) 0.03 1.14 (0.75–1.75) 0.5 0.78 (0.49–1.25) 0.3 1.57 (1.03–2.41) 0.04
40–49 1.98 (1.14–3.45) 0.02 1.70 (1.06–2.73) 0.03 1.48 (0.92–2.38) 0.1 0.72 (0.43–1.22) 0.2 2.40 (1.49–3.86) < 0.001
50–59 3.06 (1.68–5.57) < 0.001 1.86 (1.15–3.00) 0.01 1.99 (1.22–3.23) 0.006 1.12 (0.67–1.87) 0.7 3.43 (2.10–5.62) < 0.001
60+ 3.85 (1.91–7.78) < 0.001 1.78 (1.03–3.05) 0.04 1.86 (1.08–3.22) 0.03 1.20 (0.68–2.13) 0.5 3.93 (2.25–6.86) < 0.001
Having higher education
Yes 1.43 (1.02–2.01) 0.04 1.45 (1.11–1.89) 0.007 1.53 (1.16–2.02) 0.002 1.39 (1.04–1.85) 0.03 1.23 (0.93–1.62) 0.1
No Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Marital status
Single Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Married 0.85 (0.49–1.49) 0.6 0.75 (0.47–1.18) 0.2 0.71 (0.44–1.13) 0.1 0.90 (0.54–1.49) 0.7 0.95 (0.59–1.52) 0.8
Informal relationship 1.06 (0.62–1.81) 0.8 0.74 (0.46–1.17) 0.2 0.80 (0.51–1.27) 0.3 1.08 (0.66–1.77) 0.8 1.21 (0.77–1.93) 0.4
divorced/widowed 1.38 (0.62–3.09) 0.4 0.71 (0.40–1.26) 0.2 0.54 (0.30–1.00) 0.05 0.75 (0.40–1.41) 0.4 0.75 (0.41–1.37) 0.3
Having children
Yes 1.01 (0.63–1.63) 0.9 0.97 (0.66–1.42) 0.9 1.25 (0.85–1.83) 0.3 1.22 (0.80–1.85) 0.4 1.08 (0.73–1.59) 0.7
No Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Place of residence
Rural Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
City below 20,000 residents 1.18 (0.65–2.12) 0.6 1.12 (0.72–1.73) 0.6 1.18 (0.75–1.85) 0.5 1.02 (0.63–1.65) 0.9 0.89 (0.57–1.40) 0.6
City from 20,000 to 99,999 residents 0.69 (0.45–1.05) 0.08 1.24 (0.87–1.77) 0.2 1.12 (0.78–1.61) 0.5 1.55 (1.06–2.27) 0.02 1.00 (0.69–1.43) 0.9
City from 100,000 to 499,999 residents 1.00 (0.61–1.78) 0.9 1.34 (0.92–1.95) 0.1 1.14 (0.78–1.67) 0.5 1.23 (0.82–1.85) 0.3 0.91 (0.62–1.33) 0.6
City above 500,000 residents 1.04 (0.61–1.78) 0.9 1.48 (0.98–2.23) 0.06 1.09 (0.72–1.67) 0.7 1.26 (0.81–1.97) 0.3 1.16 (0.76–1.79) 0.5
Number of household members
1 0.72 (0.42–1.24) 0.2 0.95 (0.61–1.49) 0.8 1.36 (0.86–2.16) 0.2 1.15 (0.71–1.87) 0.6 1.25 (0.79–1.98) 0.3
2 or more Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Occupational status
Active 1.15 (0.78–1.70) 0.5 1.06 (0.77–1.45) 0.7 0.97 (0.71–1.34) 0.9 1.19 (0.85–1.68) 0.3 1.10 (0.80–1.52) 0.6
Passive Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Self–reported financial situation
Good 1.30 (0.85–1.99) 0.2 1.30 (0.93–1.83) 0.1 0.97 (0.68–1.37) 0.8 1.22 (0.85–1.77) 0.3 1.40 (0.99–1.99) 0.05
Moderate 1.10 (0.72–1.67) 0.7 1.01 (0.72–1.41) 0.9 0.99 (0.70–1.40) 0.9 0.91 (0.63–1.32) 0.6 1.20 (0.85–1.70) 0.3
Bad Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Having diabetes
Yes 1.48 (0.77–2.86) 0.2 2.03 (1.33–3.1!) 0.001 2.29 (1.41–3.72) < 0.001 1.89 (1.22–2.92) 0.004 1.31 (0.83–2.08) 0.3
No Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
History of diabetes in the family
Yes 1.62 (1.15–2.28) 0.005 1.50 (1.16–1.95) 0.002 1.66 (1.27–2.17) < 0.001 1.56 (1.18–2.06) 0.002 2.04 (1.55–2.68) < 0.001
No Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Gender
Female 1.32 (1.01–1.72) 0.04 0.98 (0.73–1.33) 0.9 1.91 (1.39–2.64) < 0.001 2.14 (1.52–3.01) < 0.001 2.10 (1.55–2.84) < 0.001
Male Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Age (years)
18–29 Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
30–39 1.52 (0.99–2.32) 0.05 0.97 (0.61–1.53) 0.9 1.27 (0.77–2.12) 0.4 0.95 (0.53–1.70) 0.9 1.13 (0.71–1.78) 0.6
40–49 1.94 (1.21–3.09) 0.006 0.76 (0.44–1.28) 0.3 1.06 (0.74–2.33) 0.9 1.24 (0.67–2.29) 0.5 1.82 (1.08–3.07) 0.02
50–59 2.66 (1.65–4.29) < 0.001 0.97 (0.57–1.63) 0.9 1.32 (0.74–2.33) 0.3 2.07 (1.14–3.75) 0.02 2.11 (1.23–3.62) 0.007
60+ 2.21 (1.29–3.79) 0.004 0.59 (0.32–1.09) 0.09 1.31 (0.69–2.47) 0.4 1.47 (0.75–2.88) 0.3 1.37 (0.75–2.50) 0.3
Having higher education
Yes 1.63 (1.25–2.13) < 0.001 1.69 (1.25–2.28) < 0.001 2.31 (1.68–3.16) < 0.001 1.69 (1.22–2.35) 0.002 1.28 (0.95–1.74) 0.1
No Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Marital status
Single Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Married 0.90 (0.60–1.42) 0.7 0.68 (0.41–1.14) 0.1 1.09 (0.62–1.89) 0.8 0.88 (0.49–1.59) 0.7 0.84 (0.50–1.40) 0.5
Informal relationship 1.08 (0.68–1.69) 0.8 0.93 (0.57–1.51) 0.8 0.96 (0.55–1.69) 0.9 0.70 (0.38–1.30) 0.3 1.00 (0.61–1.65) 0.9
divorced/widowed 0.87 (0.49–1.55) 0.6 1.11 (0.59–2.10) 0.7 0.71 (0.36–1.40) 0.3 0.76 (0.38–1.52) 0.4 0.76 (0.39–1.48) 0.4
Having children
Yes 1.01 (0.69–1.47) 0.9 1.01 (0.66–1.55) 0.9 1.28 (0.75–2.17) 0.4 1.12 (0.69–1.81) 0.7 1.26 (0.82–1.92) 0.3
No Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Place of residence
Rural Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
City below 20,000 residents 0.93 (0.60–1.45) 0.8 0.90 (0.54–1.52) 0.7 1.18 (0.69–2.01) 0.6 1.50 (0.88–2.56) 0.1 0.90 (0.55–1.49) 0.7
City from 20,000 to 99,999 residents 1.04 (0.73–1.49) 0.8 1.63 (1.10–2.42) 0.02 1.50 (0.98–2.31) 0.06 1.69 (1.09–2.62) 0.02 1.14 (0.76–1.71) 0.5
City from 100,000 to 499,999 residents 1.08 (0.75–1.57) 0.7 1.13 (0.73–1.74) 0.6 1.74 (1.12–2.70) 0.01 1.13 (0.69–1.83) 0.6 0.91 (0.60–1.39) 0.7
City above 500,000 residents 0.86 (0.57–1.30) 0.5 1.95 (1.24–3.05) 0.004 1.56 (0.96–2.54) 0.08 1.23 (0.73–2.07) 0.4 1.23 (0.76–1.98) 0.4
Number of household members
1 0.93 (0.60–1.45) 0.7 0.88 (0.54–1.43) 0.6 1.28 (0.75–2.17) 0.4 1.25 (0.72–2.16) 0.4 1.20 (0.72–1.98) 0.5
2 or more Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Occupational status
Active 1.08 (0.79–1.47) 0.6 0.88 (0.62–1.25) 0.5 1.04 (0.71–1.52) 0.8 0.94 (0.63–1.38) 0.7 0.85 (0.59–1.22) 0.4
Passive Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Self–reported financial situation
Good 1.25 (0.89–1.76) 0.2 1.09 (0.74–1.61) 0.7 1.12 (0.74–1.70) 0.6 0.83 (0.54–1.27) 0.4 1.33 (0.91–1.94) 0.1
Moderate 1.20 (0.86–1.68) 0.3 1.17 (0.80–1.71) 0.4 1.16 (0.78–1.75) 0.5 0.89 (0.59–1.34) 0.6 1.30 (0.89–1.90) 0.2
Bad Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Having diabetes
Yes 2.52 (1.59–4.00) < 0.001 2.43 (1.55–3.81) < 0.001 1.18 (0.72–1.94) 0.5 1.26 (0.77–2.08) 0.4 0.92 (0.56–1.51) 0.7
No Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
History of diabetes in the family
Yes 1.84 (1.42–2.39) < 0.001 1.72 (1.29–2.31) < 0.001 1.50 (1.11–2.04) 0.009 1.38 (1.00–1.91) 0.5 1.91 (1.40–2.60) < 0.001
No Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference

The bold values present results that meet the statistical significance requirement set at p < 0.05.