Table 8.
Factors associated with awareness of risk factors for diabetes among adults in Poland (n = 1,051)—multivariable logistic regression model.
| Factors associated with awareness of risk factors for diabetes among adults in Poland | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Excessive alcohol consumption | Smoking cigarettes/tobacco | Overweight/obesity | Low physical activity level | Unhealthy diet | Genetic Predisposition | ||||||
| OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Female | 0.91 (0.69–1.20) | 0.5 | 1.26 (0.93–1.72) | 0.1 | 1.50 (1.07–2.09) | 0.02 | 1.57 (1.20–2.06) | < 0.001 | 1.94 (1.44–2.62) | < 0.001 | 3.11 (2.31–4.18) | < 0.001 |
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| 18–29 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| 30–39 | 1.24 (0.80–1.92) | 0.3 | 0.75 (0.45–1.23) | 0.3 | 1.24 (0.76–2.01) | 0.4 | 1.22 (0.79–1.88) | 0.4 | 1.37 (0.86–2.17) | 0.2 | 1.36 (0.86–2.13) | 0.2 |
| 40–49 | 1.18 (0.73–1.92) | 0.5 | 0.85 (0.50–1.45) | 0.6 | 1.80 (1.04–3.12) | 0.04 | 0.90 (0.56–1.43) | 0.6 | 1.66 (0.99–2.77) | 0.05 | 1.74 (1.05–2.87) | 0.03 |
| 50–59 | 1.13 (0.69–1.86) | 0.6 | 0.98 (0.57–1.67) | 0.9 | 5.03 (2.63–9.60) | < 0.001 | 1.48 (0.91–2.39) | 0.1 | 1.86 (1.10–3.15) | 0.02 | 2.85 (1.67–4.86) | < 0.001 |
| 60+ | 1.02 (0.57–1.80) | 0.9 | 0.68 (0.36–1.27) | 0.2 | 2.39 (1.22–4.71) | 0.01 | 1.09 (0.63–1.88) | 0.8 | 2.12 (1.14–3.92) | 0.02 | 1.99 (1.10–3.60) | 0.02 |
| Having higher education | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.24 (0.94–1.64) | 0.1 | 1.78 (1.31–2.43) | < 0.001 | 2.58 (1.80–3.70) | < 0.001 | 2.19 (1.66–2.88) | < 0.001 | 1.66 (1.22–2.26) | 0.001 | 1.44 (1.07–1.94) | 0.02 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Single | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Married | 0.86 (0.53–1.40) | 0.5 | 1.06 (0.62–1.83) | 0.8 | 0.40 (0.22–0.70) | 0.001 | 0.95 (0.59–1.51) | 0.8 | 0.52 (0.31–0.88) | 0.01 | 0.92 (0.56–1.53) | 0.8 |
| Informal relationship | 1.08 (0.68–1.73) | 0.7 | 1.11 (0.65–1.89) | 0.7 | 0.81 (0.47–1.40) | 0.4 | 1.02 (0.64–1.62) | 0.9 | 0.88 (0.53–1.47) | 0.6 | 1.08 (0.66–1.76) | 0.8 |
| divorced/widowed | 1.21 (0.65–2.26) | 0.5 | 0.81 (0.40–1.64) | 0.6 | 0.53 (0.25–1.13) | 0.1 | 1.08 (0.60–1.94) | 0.8 | 0.83 (0.42–1.64) | 0.6 | 0.78 (0.40–1.49) | 0.4 |
| Having children | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.03 (0.69–1.54) | 0.9 | 1.36 (0.87–2.14) | 0.2 | 1.61 (1.02–2.55) | 0.04 | 1.03 (0.70–1.51) | 0.9 | 1.51 (0.99–2.29) | 0.05 | 0.98 (0.65–1.49) | 0.9 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Place of residence | ||||||||||||
| Rural | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| City below 20,000 residents | 1.33 (0.85–2.08) | 0.2 | 1.22 (0.75–2.00) | 0.4 | 0.81 (0.47–1.40) | 0.4 | 0.96 (0.61–1.50) | 0.9 | 0.74 (0.45–1.21) | 0.2 | 0.99 (0.62–1.62) | 0.9 |
| City from 20,000 to 99,999 residents | 0.95 (0.65–1.38) | 0.8 | 0.84 (0.55–1.29) | 0.4 | 0.81 (0.53–1.25) | 0.3 | 1.06 (0.74–1.52) | 0.8 | 0.96 (0.64–1.43) | 0.8 | 1.34 (0.91–1.98) | 0.2 |
| City from 100,000 to 499,999 residents | 1.04 (0.70–1.54) | 0.9 | 0.98 (0.63–1.52) | 0.9 | 1.04 (0.64–1.67) | 0.9 | 1.21 (0.83–1.77) | 0.3 | 0.75 (0.49–1.14) | 0.2 | 1.03 (0.69–1.55) | 0.9 |
| City above 500,000 residents | 1.16 (0.75–1.78) | 0.5 | 1.32 (0.83–2.11) | 0.2 | 1.30 (0.75–2.26) | 0.4 | 1.32 (0.86–2.02) | 0.2 | 1.03 (0.64–1.67) | 0.9 | 1.60 (0.99–2.57) | 0.05 |
| Number of household members | ||||||||||||
| 1 | 0.55 (0.39–0.90) | 0.02 | 0.82 (0.47–1.42) | 0.5 | 0.65 (0.37–1.13) | 0.1 | 0.70 (0.45–1.10) | 0.1 | 0.60 (0.37–1.00) | 0.05 | 1.05 (0.64–1.72) | 0.8 |
| 2 or more | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Occupational status | ||||||||||||
| Active | 1.45 (1.04–2.03) | 0.03 | 1.27 (0.87–1.84) | 0.2 | 0.75 (0.50–1.12) | 0.2 | 0.93 (0.67–1.28) | 0.6 | 0.78 (0.55–1.12) | 0.2 | 0.85 (0.60–1.21) | 0.4 |
| Passive | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Self–reported financial situation | ||||||||||||
| Good | 0.91 (0.64–1.30) | 0.6 | 0.68 (0.45–0.99) | 0.047 | 1.67 (1.09–2.54) | 0.02 | 0.91 (0.64–1.29) | 0.6 | 1.57 (1.07–2.31) | 0.02 | 1.22 (0.84–1.78) | 0.3 |
| Moderate | 0.87 (0.61–1.24) | 0.5 | 0.97 (0.67–1.43) | 0.9 | 1.34 (0.89–2.02) | 0.2 | 0.89 (0.63–1.25) | 0.5 | 1.03 (0.71–1.49) | 0.9 | 0.97 (0.67–1.40) | 0.9 |
| Bad | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Having diabetes | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.07 (0.68–1.69) | 0.8 | 0.70 (0.41–1.20) | 0.2 | 1.83 (0.96–3.47) | 0.07 | 1.45 (0.92–2.29) | 0.1 | 1.19 (0.71–2.00) | 0.5 | 1.18 (0.72–1.94) | 0.5 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| History of diabetes in the family | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.44 (1.09–1.89) | 0.01 | 1.18 (0.87–1.60) | 0.3 | 1.32 (0.94–1.84) | 0.1 | 1.75 (1.33–2.29) | < 0.001 | 1.60 (1.18–2.17) | 0.003 | 2.08 (1.54–2.80) | < 0.001 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
The bold values present results that meet the statistical significance requirement set at p < 0.05.