Table 3.
The association of dementia risk factors with incident dementia stratified by indicators of childhood socioeconomic status (childhood deprivation yes and no; occupation breadwinner low/medium and high) and the interactions of the dementia risk factors with childhood socioeconomic status on dementia risk.
| Dementia risk factors | Childhood SES: Low/medium | Childhood SES: High | Interactiona | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incident dementia HR (95% CI) | p value | Incident dementia HR (95% CI) | p value | Incident dementia HR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Heart disease | ||||||
| Childhood deprivation | 0.87 (0.54; 1.39) | 0.550 | 1.99 (1.25; 3.16) | 0.004 | 0.45 (0.24; 0.85) | 0.014 |
| Occupation breadwinner | 2.25 (1.34; 3.76) | 0.002 | 1.21 (0.48; 3.07) | 0.682 | 1.39 (0.50; 3.89) | 0.527 |
| Hypertension | ||||||
| Childhood deprivation | 1.11 (0.70; 1.78) | 0.653 | 1.50 (0.96; 2.35) | 0.073 | 0.71 (0.38; 1.34) | 0.298 |
| Occupation breadwinner | 1.47 (0.89; 2.41) | 0.133 | 2.00 (0.99; 4.05) | 0.053 | 0.61 (0.26; 1.44) | 0.258 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | ||||||
| Childhood deprivation | 0.92 (0.64; 1.32) | 0.640 | 1.16 (0.77; 1.75) | 0.471 | 0.76 (0.45; 1.31) | 0.328 |
| Occupation breadwinner | 0.91 (0.58; 1.44) | 0.686 | 0.59 (0.32; 1.09) | 0.093 | 1.49 (0.71; 3.13) | 0.296 |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| Childhood deprivation | 1.33 (0.89; 2.00) | 0.164 | 0.99 (0.60; 1.65) | 0.982 | 1.34 (0.70; 2.55) | 0.378 |
| Occupation breadwinner | 1.90 (1.15; 3.13) | 0.012 | 1.17 (0.54; 2.55) | 0.687 | 1.55 (0.63; 3.80) | 0.340 |
| Obesity | ||||||
| Childhood deprivation | 0.93 (0.62; 1.40) | 0.738 | 0.78 (0.50; 1.21) | 0.271 | 1.19 (0.66; 2.16) | 0.562 |
| Occupation breadwinner | 0.76 (0.45; 1.26) | 0.286 | 0.81 (0.38; 1.71) | 0.576 | 0.98 (0.39; 2.44) | 0.966 |
| Hearing impairment | ||||||
| Childhood deprivation | 1.60 (1.11; 2.29) | 0.011 | 1.23 (0.77; 1.98) | 0.388 | 1.28 (0.73; 2.25) | 0.394 |
| Occupation breadwinner | 1.87 (1.17; 2.98) | 0.009 | 1.72 (0.85; 3.47) | 0.131 | 0.99 (0.45; 2.21) | 0.989 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Childhood deprivation | 1.35 (0.79; 2.31) | 0.270 | 2.11 (1.16; 3.84) | 0.014 | 0.70 (0.32; 1.56) | 0.383 |
| Occupation breadwinner | 1.93 (1.09; 3.43) | 0.025 | 1.48 (0.45; 4.88) | 0.523 | 1.83 (0.48; 6.93) | 0.376 |
| High alcohol consumption | ||||||
| Childhood deprivation | 1.40 (0.96; 2.06) | 0.084 | 1.22 (0.81; 1.83) | 0.346 | 1.16 (0.67; 2.03) | 0.592 |
| Occupation breadwinner | 1.19 (0.75; 1.89) | 0.450 | 1.48 (0.81; 2.71) | 0.205 | 0.80 (0.37; 1.71) | 0.558 |
| Physical inactivity | ||||||
| Childhood deprivation | 1.61 (1.12; 2.31) | 0.010 | 1.55 (1.02; 2.35) | 0.042 | 0.98 (0.58; 1.65) | 0.930 |
| Occupation breadwinner | 1.85 (1.14; 2.99) | 0.013 | 1.35 (0.72; 2.54) | 0.346 | 1.03 (0.48; 2.24) | 0.936 |
| Sleep disturbance | ||||||
| Childhood deprivation | 0.83 (0.57; 1.20) | 0.315 | 1.05 (0.71; 1.55) | 0.804 | 0.78 (0.46; 1.32) | 0.347 |
| Occupation breadwinner | 1.06 (0.66; 1.68) | 0.816 | 1.26 (0.70; 2.29) | 0.442 | 0.76 (0.37; 1.59) | 0.469 |
| Unhealthy diet | ||||||
| Childhood deprivation | 1.26 (0.87; 1.82) | 0.219 | 1.38 (0.93; 2.03) | 0.110 | 0.93 (0.54; 1.59) | 0.783 |
| Occupation breadwinner | 1.18 (0.75; 1.87) | 0.469 | 1.09 (0.55; 2.16) | 0.799 | 1.21 (0.54; 2.70) | 0.647 |
| Depression | ||||||
| Childhood deprivation | 1.24 (0.81; 1.91) | 0.318 | 1.30 (0.79; 2.12) | 0.301 | 0.92 (0.49; 1.72) | 0.791 |
| Occupation breadwinner | 2.25 (1.31; 3.86) | 0.003 | 1.65 (0.79; 3.48) | 0.185 | 1.24 (0.52; 2.98) | 0.624 |
| Low education | ||||||
| Childhood deprivation | 1.22 (0.81; 1.84) | 0.340 | 1.45 (0.94; 2.23) | 0.089 | 0.79 (0.45; 1.38) | 0.408 |
| Occupation breadwinner | 1.40 (0.84; 2.30) | 0.193 | 1.78 (0.87; 3.64) | 0.113 | 0.59 (0.26; 1.32) | 0.198 |
| Low social contact | ||||||
| Childhood deprivation | 1.20 (0.81; 1.76) | 0.359 | 1.26 (0.81; 1.95) | 0.309 | 0.97 (0.54; 1.75) | 0.918 |
| Occupation breadwinner | 1.55 (0.97; 2.47) | 0.068 | 2.36 (1.17; 4.77) | 0.017 | 0.77 (0.33; 1.80) | 0.549 |
| Low cognitive activity | ||||||
| Childhood deprivation | 1.81 (1.23; 2.67) | 0.003 | 2.93 (1.93; 4.45) | < 0.001 | 0.64 (0.38; 1.08) | 0.097 |
| Occupation breadwinner | 2.79 (1.77; 4.39) | < 0.001 | 2.93 (1.58; 5.42) | 0.001 | 0.73 (0.35; 1.52) | 0.396 |
Childhood deprivation n = 2325 (135 dementia cases) and no childhood deprivation n = 3313 (117 dementia cases). Low/medium occupation breadwinner n = 2642 (91 dementia cases) and high occupation breadwinner n = 1545 (45 dementia cases). SES socioeconomic status; HR hazard ratio; CI confidence interval. Analyses are adjusted for age, sex/gender, and clustering at the household level. aThe interaction of the risk factors with childhood SES on incident dementia with high childhood SES as the reference category. Significant values are in bold.