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. 2023 Jan 3;7:1. doi: 10.1038/s41538-022-00176-w

Table 1.

Demographic information across studies according to meal choice.

Variable app-based n = 16,135
animal-based meal plant-based meal Chi-test/Wilcoxon test between meal categories
Predominant dietary adherence Omnivorous: 8053 Omnivorous: 3546 X² (2) = 3679.3, p < 2.2×10−16
Vegetarian: 576 Vegetarian: 2879
Vegan: 116 Vegan: 794
Gender 3233F 4185F X² (2) = 731.4, p < 2.2×10−10
5368M 2923M
155 D 124 D
Impulsive vs. planned decision impulsive: 3279 impulsive: 1997 X² (1) = 173.6, p < 2.2×10−16
planned: 5457 planned: 5222
Drinking volume last 2h <0.5 L: 4175 <0.5 L: 3403 X² (2) = 1.6, p = 0.46
<1.0 L: 3706 <1.0 L: 3131
>1.0 L: 807 >1.0 L: 646
Social interaction during meal alone: 1783 alone: 1675 X² (1) = 17.9, p < 2.3×10−5
in company: 6876 in company: 5484
Smartphone use during meal yes: 1156 yes: 1019 X² (1) = 2.5, p = 0.11
no: 7481 no: 6121
Finished meal yes: 7746 yes: 6081 X² (1) = 5.9, p = 0.0153
no: 1123 no: 1025
Sleep last night good: 2674 good: 2157 X² (2) = 1.1, p = 0.59
normal: 4245 normal: 3555
bad: 1576 bad: 1308
Variable Study 2 (free choice) n = 173 (FFQ: n = 108, NEO-FFI: n = 98, TFEQ: n = 91) Study 3 (randomized choice) n = 71 (FFQ: n = 52, NEO-FFI: n = 49, TFEQ: n = 43)
Animal-based meal Plant-based meal Chi-test/Wilcoxon test between meal categories Animal-based meal Plant-based meal Chi-test/Wilcoxon test between meal categories
Dietary adherence Omnivorous: 173 Omnivorous: 173 Omnivorous: n = 71 Omnivorous: n = 71
Vegetarian: 0 Vegetarian: 0 Vegetarian: n = 0 Vegetarian: n = 0
Vegan: 0 Vegan: 0 Vegan: n = 0 Vegan: n = 0
Gender 42F 39F X² (2) = 9.2, p = 0.01 19 F 22 F X² (1) = 0.13, p = 0.72
55M 20M 12 M 10 M
0 D 1 D 0 D 0 D
8N.A. 8N.A. 5 N.A 3 N.A.
Income (categorical) <500€: 30 <500€: 17 X² (4) = 4.7, p = 0.32 <500€: 13 <500€: 14 X² (2) = 2.0, p = 0.37
500–1000€: 33 500–1000€: 28 500–1000€: 12 500–1000€: 14
1000–1500€: 16 1000–1500€: 10 1000–1500€: 4 1000–1500€: 1
1500–2000€: 4 1500–2000€: 1 1500–2000€: 0 1500–2000€: 0
2000–2500€: 4 2000–2500€: 0 2000–2500€: 0 2000–2500€: 0
N.A.: 18 N.A.: 12 NA: 7 NA: 6
Body mass-index (BMI) (self-reported) 22.3 ± 2.4 kg/m2 22.2 ± 2.6 kg/m2 X² (140) = 143.6, p = 0.40 22.6 ± 2.7 23.1 ± 4.6 X² (57) = 58.3, p = 0.42
Finished meal yes: 71 yes: 48 X² (1) = 0.33, p = 0.57 yes: 25 yes: 22 X² (1) = 0.11, p = 0.74
no: 31 no: 16 no: 11 no: 13
N.A.: 3 N.A.: 4
Drinking volume last 2h
Water X² (3) = 0.9, p = 0.82 X² (2) = 2.7, p = 0.26
Tea X² (2) = 1.8, p = 0.41 X² (2) = 0.1, p = 0.93
Coffee X² (1) = 1.3, p = 0.25 X² (2) = 4.9, p = 0.09
Side dishes sides: 25 sides: 7 sides: 5 sides: 6
desserts: 10 desserts: 12 desserts: 2 desserts: 4
other: 6 other: 7 other: 1 other: 3
General well-being (WHO-5) 14.3 ± 4.5 15.7 ± 4.3 X² (21) = 24.7, p = 0.26 15.1 ± 4.2 13.7 ± 4.1 X² (16) = 14.6, p = 0.56
Eating traits
Cognitive restraint 5.2 ± 4.2 5.4 ± 3.7 X² (14) = 28.0, p = 0.014 5.5 ± 4.1 5.5 ± 4.1 X² (14) = 7.2, p = 0.93
Disinhibition 3.9 ± 2.7 4.7 ± 2.5 X² (11) = 16.0, p = 0.14 5.3 ± 3.4 5.2 ± 3.1 X² (12) = 18.1, p = 0.11
Hunger 5.3 ± 3.0 5.4 ± 2.8 X² (12) = 22.1, p = 0.037 5.5 ± 2.7 5.7 ± 3.5 X² (11) = 4.5, p = 0.95
Personality traits
Neuroticism 8.4 ± 4.7 8.2 ± 3.7 X² (18) = 24.3, p = 0.15 9.2 ± 5.2 10.2 ± 5.1 X² (17) = 18.0, p = 0.39
Extraversion 14.4 ± 3.9 14.6 ± 3.5 X² (17) = 20.1, p = 0.23 13.0 ± 4.4 13.2 ± 3.2 X² (16) = 8.3, p = 0.94
Openness 15.8 ± 5.3 16.1 ± 5.4 X² (20) = 24.5, p = 0.22 13.2 ± 5.4 16.5 ± 5.6 X² (20) = 21.0, p = 0.40
Agreeableness 17.6 ± 4.3 18.2 ± 3.8 X² (17) = 13.0, p = 0.74 16.6 ± 4.9 17.4 ± 5.4 X² (18) = 14.3, p = 0.71
Conscientiousness 17.5 ± 4.1 18.8 ± 3.7 X² (15) = 17.5, p = 0.29 18.3 ± 4.1 17.6 ± 4.1 X² (15) = 10.2, p = 0.81
Regular eating habits
Energy (kcal) 1563 ± 600 1493 ± 553 W = 1073, p = 0.6746 1445 ± 586 1426 ± 582 W = 237, p = 0.8948
Protein (g) 60 ± 27 54 ± 26 W = 1164, p = 0.2512 58 ± 30 54 ± 28 W = 255, p = 0.5717
Carbohydrates (g) 192 ± 74 192 ± 71 W = 1002, p = 0.8887 177 ± 74 174 ± 68 W = 232, p = 0.9904
Fiber (g) 18 ± 9 22 ± 11 W = 720, p = 0.01663 16 ± 8 18 ± 11 W = 223, p = 0.8569
Sugar (g) 86 ± 53 94 ± 53 W = 864, p = 0.2137 75 ± 40 72 ± 49 W = 259, p = 0.5079
Fat (g) 79 ± 53 68 ± 39 W = 1139, p = 0.3434 60 ± 33 80 ± 57 W = 228, p = 0.9521
Coffee (ml) 165 ± 259 174 ± 314 X² (14) = 16.7, p = 0.27 90 ± 153 82 ± 203 X² (8) = 5.8, p = 0.67

Significant differences according to Chi-tests or Wilcoxon tests between meal categories are marked in bold.

NA no answer, F female, D diverse, M male.