Table 1.
Demographic information across studies according to meal choice.
| Variable | app-based n = 16,135 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| animal-based meal | plant-based meal | Chi-test/Wilcoxon test between meal categories | |
| Predominant dietary adherence | Omnivorous: 8053 | Omnivorous: 3546 | X² (2) = 3679.3, p < 2.2 × 10−16 |
| Vegetarian: 576 | Vegetarian: 2879 | ||
| Vegan: 116 | Vegan: 794 | ||
| Gender | 3233 F | 4185 F | X² (2) = 731.4, p < 2.2 × 10−10 |
| 5368 M | 2923 M | ||
| 155 D | 124 D | ||
| Impulsive vs. planned decision | impulsive: 3279 | impulsive: 1997 | X² (1) = 173.6, p < 2.2 × 10−16 |
| planned: 5457 | planned: 5222 | ||
| Drinking volume last 2 h | <0.5 L: 4175 | <0.5 L: 3403 | X² (2) = 1.6, p = 0.46 |
| <1.0 L: 3706 | <1.0 L: 3131 | ||
| >1.0 L: 807 | >1.0 L: 646 | ||
| Social interaction during meal | alone: 1783 | alone: 1675 | X² (1) = 17.9, p < 2.3 × 10−5 |
| in company: 6876 | in company: 5484 | ||
| Smartphone use during meal | yes: 1156 | yes: 1019 | X² (1) = 2.5, p = 0.11 |
| no: 7481 | no: 6121 | ||
| Finished meal | yes: 7746 | yes: 6081 | X² (1) = 5.9, p = 0.0153 |
| no: 1123 | no: 1025 | ||
| Sleep last night | good: 2674 | good: 2157 | X² (2) = 1.1, p = 0.59 |
| normal: 4245 | normal: 3555 | ||
| bad: 1576 | bad: 1308 | ||
| Variable | Study 2 (free choice) n = 173 (FFQ: n = 108, NEO-FFI: n = 98, TFEQ: n = 91) | Study 3 (randomized choice) n = 71 (FFQ: n = 52, NEO-FFI: n = 49, TFEQ: n = 43) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal-based meal | Plant-based meal | Chi-test/Wilcoxon test between meal categories | Animal-based meal | Plant-based meal | Chi-test/Wilcoxon test between meal categories | |
| Dietary adherence | Omnivorous: 173 | Omnivorous: 173 | — | Omnivorous: n = 71 | Omnivorous: n = 71 | — |
| Vegetarian: 0 | Vegetarian: 0 | Vegetarian: n = 0 | Vegetarian: n = 0 | |||
| Vegan: 0 | Vegan: 0 | Vegan: n = 0 | Vegan: n = 0 | |||
| Gender | 42 F | 39 F | X² (2) = 9.2, p = 0.01 | 19 F | 22 F | X² (1) = 0.13, p = 0.72 |
| 55 M | 20 M | 12 M | 10 M | |||
| 0 D | 1 D | 0 D | 0 D | |||
| 8 N.A. | 8 N.A. | 5 N.A | 3 N.A. | |||
| Income (categorical) | <500€: 30 | <500€: 17 | X² (4) = 4.7, p = 0.32 | <500€: 13 | <500€: 14 | X² (2) = 2.0, p = 0.37 |
| 500–1000€: 33 | 500–1000€: 28 | 500–1000€: 12 | 500–1000€: 14 | |||
| 1000–1500€: 16 | 1000–1500€: 10 | 1000–1500€: 4 | 1000–1500€: 1 | |||
| 1500–2000€: 4 | 1500–2000€: 1 | 1500–2000€: 0 | 1500–2000€: 0 | |||
| 2000–2500€: 4 | 2000–2500€: 0 | 2000–2500€: 0 | 2000–2500€: 0 | |||
| N.A.: 18 | N.A.: 12 | NA: 7 | NA: 6 | |||
| Body mass-index (BMI) (self-reported) | 22.3 ± 2.4 kg/m2 | 22.2 ± 2.6 kg/m2 | X² (140) = 143.6, p = 0.40 | 22.6 ± 2.7 | 23.1 ± 4.6 | X² (57) = 58.3, p = 0.42 |
| Finished meal | yes: 71 | yes: 48 | X² (1) = 0.33, p = 0.57 | yes: 25 | yes: 22 | X² (1) = 0.11, p = 0.74 |
| no: 31 | no: 16 | no: 11 | no: 13 | |||
| N.A.: 3 | N.A.: 4 | |||||
| Drinking volume last 2 h | ||||||
| Water | X² (3) = 0.9, p = 0.82 | X² (2) = 2.7, p = 0.26 | ||||
| Tea | X² (2) = 1.8, p = 0.41 | X² (2) = 0.1, p = 0.93 | ||||
| Coffee | X² (1) = 1.3, p = 0.25 | X² (2) = 4.9, p = 0.09 | ||||
| Side dishes | sides: 25 | sides: 7 | sides: 5 | sides: 6 | ||
| desserts: 10 | desserts: 12 | desserts: 2 | desserts: 4 | |||
| other: 6 | other: 7 | other: 1 | other: 3 | |||
| General well-being (WHO-5) | 14.3 ± 4.5 | 15.7 ± 4.3 | X² (21) = 24.7, p = 0.26 | 15.1 ± 4.2 | 13.7 ± 4.1 | X² (16) = 14.6, p = 0.56 |
| Eating traits | ||||||
| Cognitive restraint | 5.2 ± 4.2 | 5.4 ± 3.7 | X² (14) = 28.0, p = 0.014 | 5.5 ± 4.1 | 5.5 ± 4.1 | X² (14) = 7.2, p = 0.93 |
| Disinhibition | 3.9 ± 2.7 | 4.7 ± 2.5 | X² (11) = 16.0, p = 0.14 | 5.3 ± 3.4 | 5.2 ± 3.1 | X² (12) = 18.1, p = 0.11 |
| Hunger | 5.3 ± 3.0 | 5.4 ± 2.8 | X² (12) = 22.1, p = 0.037 | 5.5 ± 2.7 | 5.7 ± 3.5 | X² (11) = 4.5, p = 0.95 |
| Personality traits | ||||||
| Neuroticism | 8.4 ± 4.7 | 8.2 ± 3.7 | X² (18) = 24.3, p = 0.15 | 9.2 ± 5.2 | 10.2 ± 5.1 | X² (17) = 18.0, p = 0.39 |
| Extraversion | 14.4 ± 3.9 | 14.6 ± 3.5 | X² (17) = 20.1, p = 0.23 | 13.0 ± 4.4 | 13.2 ± 3.2 | X² (16) = 8.3, p = 0.94 |
| Openness | 15.8 ± 5.3 | 16.1 ± 5.4 | X² (20) = 24.5, p = 0.22 | 13.2 ± 5.4 | 16.5 ± 5.6 | X² (20) = 21.0, p = 0.40 |
| Agreeableness | 17.6 ± 4.3 | 18.2 ± 3.8 | X² (17) = 13.0, p = 0.74 | 16.6 ± 4.9 | 17.4 ± 5.4 | X² (18) = 14.3, p = 0.71 |
| Conscientiousness | 17.5 ± 4.1 | 18.8 ± 3.7 | X² (15) = 17.5, p = 0.29 | 18.3 ± 4.1 | 17.6 ± 4.1 | X² (15) = 10.2, p = 0.81 |
| Regular eating habits | ||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1563 ± 600 | 1493 ± 553 | W = 1073, p = 0.6746 | 1445 ± 586 | 1426 ± 582 | W = 237, p = 0.8948 |
| Protein (g) | 60 ± 27 | 54 ± 26 | W = 1164, p = 0.2512 | 58 ± 30 | 54 ± 28 | W = 255, p = 0.5717 |
| Carbohydrates (g) | 192 ± 74 | 192 ± 71 | W = 1002, p = 0.8887 | 177 ± 74 | 174 ± 68 | W = 232, p = 0.9904 |
| Fiber (g) | 18 ± 9 | 22 ± 11 | W = 720, p = 0.01663 | 16 ± 8 | 18 ± 11 | W = 223, p = 0.8569 |
| Sugar (g) | 86 ± 53 | 94 ± 53 | W = 864, p = 0.2137 | 75 ± 40 | 72 ± 49 | W = 259, p = 0.5079 |
| Fat (g) | 79 ± 53 | 68 ± 39 | W = 1139, p = 0.3434 | 60 ± 33 | 80 ± 57 | W = 228, p = 0.9521 |
| Coffee (ml) | 165 ± 259 | 174 ± 314 | X² (14) = 16.7, p = 0.27 | 90 ± 153 | 82 ± 203 | X² (8) = 5.8, p = 0.67 |
Significant differences according to Chi-tests or Wilcoxon tests between meal categories are marked in bold.
NA no answer, F female, D diverse, M male.