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. 2022 Mar 26;43:247–257. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.03.014

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© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Cairo University.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 1 — Chemical analysis of A. membranaceus and the proposed biosynthetic pathways for its major saponins. (A) LC/MS analysis of a 3-year-old root. TIC, total ion chromatogram; EIC, extracted ion chromatogram. In EIC, m/z 913.48 ([AS-I + HCOO]^-), m/z 871.47 ([AS-II + HCOO]^-), m/z 829.46 ([AS-III + HCOO]^-/[AS-IV + HCOO]^-), m/z 941.51 ([SS-I-H]^-), and m/z 953.47 ([AS-D-H]^-) were extracted. (B) GC/MS analysis of a 3-month-old root. In EIC, m/z 218.2 (1), 339.3 (2), 306.3 (SS), and 215.2 (CA) were extracted. All compounds were identified by comparing with reference standards except for AS-D (identified by HR-MS/MS, Fig. S2A). (C) Proposed biosynthetic pathways of oleanane-type and cycloartane-type saponins in A. membranaceus. P450, cytochrome P450. GT, glycosyltransferase. AT, acyltransferase. Rha, rhamnose. Gal, galactose. GlcA, glucuronic acid. Glc, glucose. Xyl, xylose. Ac, acetyl.