Table 6.

3D-Printed Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Drug Delivery

Hydrogel Composition	Nanocarrier Type	3D Printing Method	Drug	Disease	Notes	Ref.
Pluronic F127	Micelle	Direct-write	N/A	N/A	Salt concentration and pH control micelle stability, printing resolution, and swelling	(Berry et al., 2019)
Poloxamer 407	Micelle	Fused deposition	Paclitaxel	Ovarian cancer	Sol-gels exhibit biphasic drug release due to rapid erosion, whereas 3D-printed discs exhibit single-phase release	(Cho et al., 2019)
Polylactic acid	Nanotube	Syringe extrusion	Gentamicin	Infection		(Weisman et al., 2017)
Polycaprolactone	Liposome	Syringe extrusion	Ruthenium	Osteosarcoma	3D printing enables controlled porosity for biomimetic bone structure	(Ye et al., 2019)
Calcium phosphate	Liposome	Binder jet printing	Curcumin	Osteosarcoma	3D printing enables controlled porosity for biomimetic bone structure	(Sarkar & Bose, 2019)
Fish gelatin methacryloyl	Liposome	Semi-solid extrusion	Doxorubicin	Various cancers	Torus, cylinder, and gridline structures exhibit differences in drug release due to crosslinking density and surface area	(J. Liu et al., 2020)
Polycaprolactone	Liposome	Syringe extrusion	Aspirin	Bone defects		(Y. Li et al., 2019)
Polycaprolactone	Liposome	N/A	Aspirin	Bone defects		(Y. Li et al., 2020)
Gelatin, alginate, tricalcium phosphate	Polymeric Carrier	Syringe extrusion	VEGF	Bone defects	3D printing enables controlled porosity for biomimetic bone structure	(Fahimipour et al., 2017)
Polycaprolactone	Polymeric Carrier	Fused deposition	Vancomycin	Bone infections	3D printing enables controlled porosity for biomimetic bone structure	(Zhou et al., 2018)
Polycaprolactone	Polymeric Carrier	Fused deposition	Simvastatin	Bone defects	3D printing enables controlled porosity for biomimetic bone structure	(Z. Z. Zhang et al., 2019)
Alginate	Polymeric Carrier	Solid freeform fabrication	Cyclosporin A	Immunosuppressive	Structural stability from 3D-printed scaffold helps device maintain structure up to 4 weeks in vivo	(Song et al., 2015)
Gelatin methacrylate	Polymeric Carrier	Digital light processing	RGFP966	Nerve regeneration		(X. Xu et al., 2019)
Hydroxyapatite	Polymeric Carrier	Extrusion deposition	rhBMP2	Bone defects	3D printing enables controlled porosity for biomimetic bone structure	(H. Wang et al., 2016)