Figure 1.

Overview of signaling pathways and intrinsically altered molecules implicated in GBM development. Several molecules are targeted in clinical trials for glioblastoma cancer therapy. These include molecules implicated in survival pathways (RTKs, BRAF and PI3K), cell cycle pathways (p53, MDM2, CDK4/6, proteasomes and PARP), and metabolism (IDH, hexokinase, glutamine and arginine), in addition to the hTERT and PKC. Increased understanding of glioblastoma biology revealed novel GBM molecular players that can be considered as potential new therapeutic targets for GBM treatment, such as PTEN, GLUT and PKM2. Created with Biorender.com. GBM, glioblastoma; RTKs, receptor tyrosine kinases; BRAF, B-Raf proto-oncogene MDM2, mouse double minute 2 homolog; PARP, Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase; hTERT, human telomerase reverse transcriptase; PKC, protein kinase C; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; GLUT, glucose transporter; PKM2, pyruvate kinase muscle 2. Created with Biorender.com.