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. 2023 Jan 4;613(7943):355–364. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05580-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 3 — The percent of unmethylated fragments (y-axis) among fragments of ≥4 CpGs from selected differentially methylation markers could serve as an (under-) estimate of the atlas purity. Here we show one such marker for each cell type, selected from the top 25 markers, and use fragment-level analysis to demonstrate the purity in the target cell type compared to other cell types from the same tissue or environment. (A) Pancreas. (B) Lung. (C) Heart. (D) Liver. (E) Breast. (F) GI tract. For most cell types, 90% of the molecules in the target cell types are unmethylated, compared with less than 5% of other types. This is an under-estimation, as some heterogeneity could occur in each cell type, reflecting stochastic noise, cellular states, age, or environmental changes.