TABLE 2.
Accuracy of fetal heart rate measurements when comparing transabdominal fetal electrocardiography (TAfECG) and Doppler signal with the gold standard of fetal scalp electrode (FSE). The average difference was computed as an absolute number.
| TAfECG vs FSE | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average difference (bpm) | SD | 95% CI | Limits of agreement | ||
| Lower | Upper | ||||
| Overall | 3.5 | 5.3 | 1.88–4.12 | −6.9 | 13.9 |
| Static positions | 1.9 | 3.7 | 0.34–1.67 | −5.4 | 9.2 |
| Lying down | 1.8 | 3.7 | 0.33–1.67 | −5.5 | 9.1 |
| Sitting | 1.7 | 4.1 | 0.1–1.9 | −6.3 | 9.7 |
| Standing | 2.2 | 3.4 | 1.33–2.67 | −4.5 | 8.9 |
| Active positions | 5.04 | 6.9 | 3.65–6.35 | −8.5 | 18.6 |
| Walking | 3.6 | 4.3 | 2.1–3.9 | −4.8 | 12 |
| Birthing ball | 6.5 | 9.5 | 3.98–8.02 | −12.2 | 25,1 |
| Doppler versus FSE | |||||
| Overall | 13.9 | 7.5 | 11.4–14.6 | −0.8 | 28.6 |
| Static positions | 3.2 | 2.5 | 2.55–3.45 | −1.7 | 8.1 |
| Lying down | 2.4 | 2.2 | 1.55–2.45 | −1.9 | 6.7 |
| Sitting | 2.8 | 2.2 | 1.55–2.45 | −1.5 | 7.1 |
| Standing | 4.4 | 3.1 | 3.33–4.67 | −1.7 | 10.4 |
| Active positions | 24.7 | 12.4 | 21.3–26.7 | 0.8 | 48.6 |
| Walking | 18.4 | 11.7 | 15.5–20.5 | −4.5 | 41.3 |
| Birthing ball | 31 | 13.1 | 28.1–34 | 5.3 | 56.7 |
Abbreviations: bpm, beats per minute; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation.