Table 2.
Cognitive and psychological outcomes in COVID-19 patients and controls.
| ICU (n = 82) | WARD (n = 53) | HOME (n = 49) | p | All COVID-19 (N = 184) | CONTROLa (n = 53) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subjective cognitive outcome | |||||||
| ABNAS score, 3 months, median (IQR) | 11 (6–23.5) | 11.5 (2–27) | 14 (4–23) | .845 | 11 (4–24) | – | – |
| n = 74 | n = 46 | n = 35 | n = 155 | ||||
| ABNAS score, 6 months, median (IQR) | 10.5 (5–17) | 10 (3–19) | 14 (5–22) | .616 | 11 (4–19) | 4.5 (2–9) | <.001 |
| n = 62 | n = 51 | n = 42 | n = 155 | n = 50 | |||
| ABNAS >15, 3 months, No./total (%) [95% CI] | 28/74 (37.8) [26.8–49.9] | 19/46 (41.3) [27.0–56.8] | 16/35 (45.7) [28.8–63.4] | .732 | 63/155 (40.6) [32.8–48.8] | – | – |
| ABNAS >15, 6 months, No./total (%) [95% CI] | 20/62 (32.3) [20.9–45.3] | 19/51 (37.3) [24.1–51.9] | 14/42 (33.3) [19.6–49.5] | .848 | 53/155 (34.2) [26.8–42.2] | 4/50 (8.0) [2.2–19.2] | <.001 |
| Difference in frequency of ABNAS >15, 3 vs 6 mo, p | .607 | .774 | .070 | – | – | – | – |
| Objective cognitive outcome | |||||||
| t-MoCA total score, 3 months, median (IQR) | 19 (17–21) | 19 (17–20) | 20 (19–21) | .011 | 19 (18–21) | – | – |
| n = 77 | n = 44 | n = 30 | n = 151 | ||||
| MoCA total score, 6 months, median (IQR) | 27 (25–29) | 26 (25–28) | 29 (27–30) | <.001 | 27 (25–29) | 27 (25–28) | .366 |
| n = 72 | n = 49 | n = 45 | n = 166 | n = 48 | |||
| t-MoCA ≤19, 3 months, No./total (%) [95% CI] | 41/77 (53.2) [41.5–64.7] | 27/44 (61.4) [45.5–75.6] | 9/30 (30.0) [14.7–49.4] | .025 | 77/151 (51.0) [42.7–59.2] | – | – |
| MoCA ≤25, 6 months, No./total (%) [95% CI] | 26/72 (36.1) [25.1–48.3] | 17/49 (34.7) [21.7–49.6] | 4/45 (8.9) [2.5–21.2] | .003 | 47/166 (28.3) [21.6–35.8] | 15/48 (31.3) [18.7–46.3] | .693 |
| Difference in frequency of impaired MoCA scores, 3 vs 6 months, p | .007 | .003 | .008 | – | – | – | – |
| Depressive symptoms | |||||||
| Depression screen ≥1, 3 months, No./total (%) [95% CI] | 29/74 (39.2) [28.0–51.2] | 18/46 (39.1) [25.1–54.6] | 10/35 (28.6) [14.6–46.3] | .520 | 57/155 (36.8) [29.2–44.9] | 12/48 (25) [13.6–39.6] | .132 |
| PHQ-9 ≥ 10, 6 months, No./total (%) [95% CI] | 8/62 (12.9) [5.7–23.9] | 8/51 (15.7) [7.0–28.6] | 8/42 (19.0) [8.6–34.1] | .696 | 24/155 (15.5) [10.2–22.2] | 1/50 (2.0) [0.1–10.6] | .011 |
| PTSD symptoms | |||||||
| IES-6 > 1.75, 3 months, No./total (%) [95% CI] | 24/74 (32.4) [22.0–44.3] | 13/46 (28.3) [16.0–43.5] | 6/35 (17.1) [6.6–33.6] | .249 | 43/155 (27.7) [20.9–35.5] | – | – |
| IES-6 > 1.75, 6 months, No./total (%) [95% CI] | 13/62 (21.0) [11.7–33.2] | 10/49 (20.4) [10.2–34.3] | 7/42 (16.7) [7.0–31.4] | .851 | 30/153 (19.6) [13.6–26.8] | 2/49 (4.1) [0.5–14.0] | .010 |
| Difference in frequency of IES-6 > 1.75, 3 vs 6 months, p | .109 | .344 | .687 | – | – | – | – |
Abbreviations: ABNAS, A-B Neuropsychological Assessment Schedule; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; IES-6, Impact of Event Scale-6.
b McNemar test p values.
a
Data collected once for the CONTROL group.