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. 2022 Dec 14;613(7942):130–137. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 3 — Left: Ridgeplots representing the uncertainty in the cumulative excess monthly mortality rate over January 2020–December 2021 for six European countries. Right: Bivariate plots of pairs of excess rates (lower triangular), 1-dimensional summaries for individual countries (diagonal), and probabilities that the excess for the country labelled on the left exceeds the rate for the country labelled at the top (upper triangular). These probabilities are the fraction of points that lie below the red line in the corresponding bivariate plot.