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. 2022 Jul 15;28(1):242–255. doi: 10.1038/s41380-022-01680-x

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Fig. 2 — A Examining molecular and cellular hypotheses about aging on the cellular level (cultured cells) is insufficient to truly establish a link to aging. Instead, hypotheses about aging must be validated at the organismal level before potentially additional molecular and cellular studies can be used to elaborate on mechanisms (provided suitable model systems are available). B Aging is a series of outcomes with diverse contributing factors. Rather than a set of outcomes arising from a small set of processes (“hallmarks of aging”), aging outcomes are likely shaped in complex ways by a large number of factors. ASP age-sensitive phenotype.