TABLE 1.
Pregnancies during the COVID‐19 pandemic, Kaiser Permanente Northern California
| Characteristic | Cannabis use status at start of follow‐up a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n = 58 114) | Current (n = 4053) | Recently quit (n = 7002) | Non‐user (n = 47 059) | |
| Age group, n (%) b , c , d | ||||
| < 25 years | 6447 (11.09) | 1347 (33.23) | 1139 (16.27) | 3961 (8.42) |
| 25–< 35 years | 36 742 (63.22) | 2152 (53.10) | 4402 (62.87) | 30 188 (64.15) |
| 35+ years | 14 925 (25.68) | 554 (13.67) | 1461 (20.87) | 12 910 (27.43) |
| Age, mean (median) b , c , d | 31.08 (31.00) | 27.69 (27.00) | 30.18 (31.00) | 31.50 (32.00) |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) b , c , d | ||||
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 15 317 (26.36) | 233 (5.75) | 1136 (16.22) | 13 948 (29.64) |
| Black | 3536 (6.08) | 925 (22.82) | 525 (7.50) | 2086 (4.43) |
| Hispanic | 15 528 (26.72) | 1234 (30.45) | 1796 (25.65) | 12 498 (26.56) |
| Other/unknown/multi‐racial | 3509 (6.04) | 291 (7.18) | 506 (7.23) | 2712 (5.76) |
| White | 20 224 (34.80) | 1370 (33.80) | 3039 (43.40) | 15 815 (33.61) |
| Neighborhood deprivation, n (%) b , c | ||||
| Quartile 1, least deprived | 13 201 (22.72) | 390 (9.62) | 1670 (23.85) | 11 141 (23.67) |
| Quartile 2 | 14 461 (24.88) | 756 (18.65) | 1775 (25.35) | 11 930 (25.35) |
| Quartile 3 | 14 027 (24.14) | 1075 (26.52) | 1660 (23.71) | 11 292 (24.00) |
| Quartile 4, most deprived | 16 344 (28.12) | 1820 (44.91) | 1881 (26.86) | 12 643 (26.87) |
| Missing | 81 (0.14) | 12 (0.30) | 16 (0.23) | 53 (0.11) |
| Subsidized insurance—Medicare, Medicaid or other, n (%) b , c , d | 6016 (10.35) | 1033 (25.49) | 718 (10.25) | 4265 (9.06) |
| Body mass index, n (%) b , c , d | ||||
| Underweight | 1355 (2.33) | 104 (2.57) | 136 (1.94) | 1115 (2.37) |
| Normal | 23 070 (39.70) | 1142 (28.18) | 2861 (40.86) | 19 067 (40.52) |
| Overweight | 16 154 (27.80) | 1035 (25.54) | 1910 (27.28) | 13 209 (28.07) |
| Obese | 15 738 (27.08) | 1651 (40.74) | 1905 (27.21) | 12 182 (25.89) |
| Unknown | 1797 (3.09) | 121 (2.99) | 190 (2.71) | 1486 (3.16) |
| Pre‐existing diabetes, n (%) e | 1080 (1.86) | 75 (1.85) | 107 (1.53) | 898 (1.91) |
| Pre‐existing hypertension, n (%) b , c , e | 4061 (6.99) | 412 (10.17) | 513 (7.33) | 3136 (6.66) |
| Parity, n (%) b , c , d | ||||
| 0 | 23 027 (39.62) | 1770 (43.67) | 4203 (60.03) | 17 054 (36.24) |
| 1 | 20 803 (35.80) | 1204 (29.71) | 1554 (22.19) | 18 045 (38.35) |
| 2 | 7959 (13.70) | 506 (12.48) | 578 (8.25) | 6875 (14.61) |
| 3 | 2546 (4.38) | 205 (5.06) | 131 (1.87) | 2210 (4.70) |
| 4+ | 1247 (2.15) | 75 (1.85) | 48 (0.69) | 1124 (2.39) |
| Tobacco smoking status at start of follow‐up, n (%) a , b , c , d | ||||
| Current | 1503 (2.59) | 522 (12.88) | 294 (4.20) | 687 (1.46) |
| Former | 6761 (11.63) | 1094 (26.99) | 1244 (17.77) | 4423 (9.40) |
| Unknown | 7 (0.01) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.01) | 6 (0.01) |
| Never | 49 843 (85.77) | 2437 (60.13) | 5463 (78.02) | 41 943 (89.13) |
The COVID‐19 pandemic was considered to have begun on 5 March 2020. Pregnancies were included if they began prior to 1 December 2020 and ended between 5 March 2020 and 30 September 2021.
Follow‐up began at the earliest of pregnancy onset or 5 March 2020. In statistical models, cannabis use and tobacco smoking status were treated as time‐changing variables during the course of the pregnancy.
Differences between people whose cannabis use status at start of follow‐up was ‘current’ and people whose cannabis use status was ‘recently quit’ were significant at P < 0.01.
Differences between people whose cannabis use status at start of follow‐up was ‘current’ and people whose cannabis use status was ‘non‐user’ were significant at P < 0.01.
Differences between people whose cannabis use status at start of follow‐up was ‘recently quit’ and people whose cannabis use status was ‘non‐user’ were significant at P < 0.01.
Differences between people whose cannabis use status at start of follow‐up was ‘recently quit’ and people whose cannabis use status was ‘non‐user’ were significant at P < 0.05.