Table 3.
Dietary intake and physical activity
| Variable | Combination | Alternate day fasting | Exercise | Control | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feast day | Fast day | Feast day | Fast day | |||||||
| Baseline | Month 3 | Month 3 | Baseline | Month 3 | Month 3 | Baseline | Month 3 | Baseline | Month 3 | |
| Nutrient intake | ||||||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 2062 ± 1111 | 1356 ± 628 * | 673 ± 234 * | 1940 ± 478 | 1285 ± 469 * | 581 ± 168 * | 1808 ± 637 | 1779 ± 656 | 1810 ± 438 | 1833 ± 497 |
| Protein (% kcal) | 18 ± 5 | 18 ± 6 | 21 ± 6 | 17 ± 4 | 20 ± 3 | 21 ± 7 | 19 ± 4 | 18 ± 4 | 18 ± 5 | 18 ± 5 |
| Carbohydrates (% kcal) | 44 ± 8 | 43 ± 12 | 44 ± 12 | 44 ± 9 | 38 ± 11 | 46 ± 8 | 39 ± 9 | 43 ± 13 | 43 ± 9 | 41 ± 9 |
| Fat (% kcal) | 38 ± 7 | 39 ± 10 | 35 ± 10 | 39 ± 8 | 42 ± 7 | 33 ± 11 | 42 ± 7 | 39 ± 11 | 39 ± 6 | 41 ± 9 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 324 ± 178 | 246 ± 182 | 174 ± 111 * | 336 ± 132 | 323 ± 160 | 112 ± 97 * | 294 ± 156 | 308 ± 97 | 280 ± 131 | 255 ± 121 |
| Fiber (g) | 19 ± 12 | 15 ± 10 * | 10 ± 5 * | 18 ± 7 | 11 ± 8 * | 9 ± 3 * | 15 ± 8 | 17 ± 12 | 14 ± 4 | 12 ± 4 |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||
| Steps/d | 7434 ± 3889 | 7455 ± 3847 | 7528 ± 4340 | 7041 ± 3740 | 6754 ± 2446 | 6936 ± 2476 | 6497 ± 2688 | 6004 ± 2377 | ||
Data are expressed as mean (SD); only observed values included. At baseline, there were no differences in nutrient intake or steps/d between the combination group, alternate day fasting group, exercise group, or control group. Significant changes (P < 0.05) from baseline to month 3 indicated by (*).