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. 2023 Jan 4;10:11. doi: 10.1038/s41597-022-01882-6

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Fig. 2 — Evolution of (a) the loss function on the training set and (b) the learning rate during training for each of the five models. The loss function is a weighted sum of the L2 loss for energies and forces, with a weight of 1 (kJ/mol)⁻² for the energy loss and 1 (kJ/mol/Å)⁻² for the force loss.