Table 3.
Implicit and explicit scores for discrimination and attitudes by experiment and participant group and their correlation
| Experiment | Participant group | Implicit measures | Explicit measures | Implicit and explicit correlations | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target/Perpetrator B-IAT (implicit discrimination) | Good/Bad B-IAT (implicit attitude) | Explicit group discrimination | Explicit individual discrimination | Explicit attitude | Target/Perpetrator B-IAT and explicit group discrimination | Target/Perpetrator B-IAT and explicit individual discrimination | Good-Bad B-IAT and explicit attitude | ||||||||||||
| N | Mean (SD) | Group comparison | N | Mean (SD) | Group comparison | N | Mean (SD) | Group comparison | N | Mean (SD) | Group comparison | N | Mean (SD) | Group comparison | r | r | r | ||
| People of Color-White | White NH | 69 | 0.06 (0.40) | ** | 71 | 0.33** (0.42) | ** | 73 | 2.74** (0.47) | n.s | 73 | 0.77** (0.72) | ** | 72 | 0.24** (0.64) | ** | − 0.09 | − 0.18 | 0.04 |
| Black NH | 64 | 0.41** (0.40) | 70 |
− 0.09 (0.48) |
74 | 2.64** (0.63) | 75 | 2.08** (0.82) | 70 | − 1.34** (1.23) | − 0.01 | 0.29* | 0.06 | ||||||
| Black-White | White NH | 72 | 0.23** (0.32) | ** | 73 | 0.21** (0.43) | ** | 72 | 2.50** (0.61) | ** | 72 | 0.94** (0.67) | ** | 69 | 0.03 (0.66) | ** | 0.06 | − 0.11 | 0.24 |
| Black NH | 62 | 0.41** (0.35) | 71 | − 0.23** (0.42) | 74 | 2.77** (0.54) | 74 | 2.15** (0.68) | 73 | − 1.37** (1.25) | 0.09 | − 0.08 | 0.09 | ||||||
| Hispanic-White | White NH | 68 | 0.18** (0.40) | n.s | 75 | 0.10* (0.40) | ** | 76 | 2.59** (0.64) | n.s | 76 | 0.86** (0.76) | ** | 73 | 0.05 (0.94) | ** | − 0.02 | − 0.26* | 0.05 |
| Hispanic | 57 | 0.31** (0.38) | 61 | − 0.22** (0.37) | 63 | 2.68** (0.50) | 60 | 1.70** (0.74) | 60 | − 0.70** (1.11) | − 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.01 | ||||||
B-IAT scores could range from + 2 to − 2, whereas explicit scores could range from 0 to + 3. Positive scores in the Target/Perpetrator B-IAT and explicit group discrimination indicated the presence of a discrimination towards the target group. Positive scores in explicit individual discrimination indicated the presence of discrimination towards self as a member of a specific social group. Positive scores in the Good/Bad B-IAT and explicit attitude indicated a preference for the dominant group. Zero indicated no relative discrimination or preference. Note: group comparison refers to comparison of scores (mean values) across the participant groups for each experiment
M mean, SD standard deviation, n.s. not significant
*p < 0.05 (2-sided); **p < 0.01 (2-sided)