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. 2023 Jan 5;26(3):357–369. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.193

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© 2013 United States & Canadian Academy of Pathology.

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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H5N1 RNA and proinflammatory cytokine or chemokine expression levels in several lung regions. The x axis indicates the case number. The durations of disease for cases 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were 8, 10, 13, 16 and 18 days, respectively. The y axis indicates H5N1 RNA (a), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (b), interleukin (IL)-6 (c), IL-8 (d), regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) (e) and interferon-gamma-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP-10) (f) mRNA copy numbers on a logarithmic scale. •, case 1; ▪, case 2; ▴, case 3; ▾, case 4; and ♦, case 5. (g) Correlation between copy numbers of H5N1 RNA and cytokine or chemokine mRNA in lung tissue. Data from the five cases (a–f) were combined, with any values below the limit of detection (UDL) excluded. The horizontal lines indicate the mean, and vertical error bars indicate the mean±s.d., P<0.0001.