Table 1.
Effects of common livestock and poultry wastewater treatment processes on antibiotic resistance genes removal.
| Process types | Removal | Remark | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biological treatment | Anaerobic | The removal efficiencies for the relative abundance of total ARGs were 3.53 ~ 71.02%, while tetG, mdtB and mdtC enriched. | Denitrifying bacteria such as denitrifying bacteria are host bacteria for ARGs | (34) |
| Aerobiotic | The total ARG abundances decreased by log 1.77. The relative abundance of most genes (except sul2 and mecA) decrease. | – | (40) | |
| Short-path nitrification and denitrification | The average abundances of ARGs reduced from 109 copies/mL to 108 copies/mL. | – | (23) | |
| Artificial wetland | The absolute total ARG concentrations were reduced by 0.7–1.24 log. | The removal effect is affected by the type of constructed wetland and plant species, etc. | (41) | |
| Microalgae system | The relative abundance of qnrA, tetW, qnrS and intI1 genes were decreased ranging 0.62 to 3 log. While the sul1 gene was increase. | The removal rate of resistant bacteria is 88.5% | (43) | |
| Physical treatment | Coagulation | The maximum removal of ARGs was 3.1 log. | Including polyaluminum chloride and polyferric sulfate, etc. | (46) |
| Membrane separation | A reduction of vanA and blaTEM by 0.9, 3.6 and 4.2 log for membranes with100, 10 and 1 kDa, respectively. | Ultrafiltration membranes, etc. | (52) | |
| Chemical treatment | Fenton | The maximum log reductions of tetX and tetG were 3.79 and 2.58 logs, respectively. | Including and UV/ H2O2 process. | (53) |
| Chlorination, ultraviolet, and ozonation disinfection | 1.68–2.55 log reductions of ARGs. | Including chlorination, ultraviolet (UV), and ozonation disinfection processes. | (54) |