Table 3.

Effect size for mode of student attendance and class section.

Population		N	Gains (%)	Hedges’ g	p-Value
Class format
	In-person attendance	96	36.10 ± 22.69	0.267	0.107
	Remote attendance	60	29.44 ± 28.26
Class section enrolled
	75-min class	92	29.95 ± 26.14	−0.380	*0.011
	50-min class	90	39.26 ± 22.67

Learning gains represent the average pre-assessment score (%) subtracted from the post-assessment score (%) for all nine assessment questions. Student learning gains for each category was analyzed using Hedges’ g and Student’s t-test (p < 0.05), with * denoting statistical significance. The second of the two variables in the table served as the control in the Hedges’ g calculations.