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. 2022 Dec 22;13:966289. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.966289

Table 4.

Effect size of activity on diverse student populations.

Population Comparison Hedges’ g p-Value
Transfer status
Transfer (2−/4-year) vs. direct entry −0.337 0.126
Educational level
First year vs. second year students −0.659 *0.020
First year vs. third year students −0.702 *0.019
First year vs. fourth year students −1.023 *0.009
Racial/ethnic identity
PEER vs. Non-PEER −0.260 0.142
Gender identity
Women vs. Men −0.173 0.2779
First generation status
First generation vs. non-first-generation students 0.133 0.474
Disability status
One or more disability vs. no disability 0.273 0.382
Pre-requisite coursework
Upper-level Biology vs. Intro Biology coursework completed 0.448 *0.006
Degree plans
Life science vs. pre-health majors 0.055 0.700

Student learning gains for different student populations were analyzed using Hedges’ g and Student’s t-test (p < 0.05), with * denoting statistical significance. The second demographic group in each comparison serves as the control.