Fig. 2.

General overview of current nanomaterials for bone-related disease diagnosis and therapy. Novel nanomaterials provide biomedical imaging [35] and biomarker detection [36] for the early diagnosis of bone-related diseases. The images reproduced with the permission from Wiley-VCH GmbH and Elsevier B.V. Moreover, nanomaterials serve as drug delivery systems [37], gene carriers [38], multifunctional scaffolds [39] or platforms [40] for treatment of bone-related diseases. The images reproduced with the permission from Oxford University Press, American Chemical Society and WILEY-VCH.