Table 6.

Summary of example nanomaterials for bone cancer.

Category	Nanomaterials	Active principle	Main results	Ref.
Chemotherapy (osteosarcoma)	Silica nanoparticles	Cancer cell membrane, ICG	•specifically target the homogenous 143B cells both in vitro and in vivo •enhance anticancer efficacy	[229]
	Poly (ester amide) nanoparticles	Apatinib	•distribute increasingly inside the tumor •suppress osteosarcoma stemness and enhance osteosarcoma stem-like cell apoptosis with minimal side effects	[230]
	Silver nanoparticles	Rhizophora apiculate, Ag	•reduce the precursor silver nitrate into silver nanoparticles of favorable size for tumor infiltration •possess significant cytotoxic effects against MG-63 cells	[231]
	Polydopamine nanoparticles	Paclitaxel, alendronate	•keep stable in PBS (pH 7.4), 5% glucose, plasma •display sustained drug release behavior •have stronger cytotoxicity against K7M2 wt osteosarcoma cells	[232]
	Liposomes	hyaluronic acid, H2S-releasing doxorubicin	•deliver the drug within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), inducing protein sulfhydration and ubiquitination •activate an ER stress pro-apoptotic response mediated by CHOP	[233]
	Dendrimers	Platinum, carboxyl-	•predominantly accumulate at the osteolytic lesions around bone tumors •suppress bone tumors and osteolysis mediated by photothermal ablation	[234]
	Mesoporous silica nanoparticles	Doxorubicin, lectin	•exhibit a noticeable higher internalization degree into human OS cells compared to healthy preosteoblast cells •have a cytotoxicity on tumor cells 8-fold higher than that caused by the free drug	[235]
	Platinum Nanoparticles	Doxorubicin,	•inhibit OS epithelial cells viability and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner •increase 8-oxo-G levels and induce apoptosis	[236]
	Chitosan	Methotrexate, poloxamer	•show high accumulation in cell cytoplasm region through energy-dependent endocytosis process •exhibit increased cytotoxicity in MG63 cells via apoptosis effect	[237]
Chemotherapy (cancer bone metastasis)	Liposomes	Doxorubicin, Asp8, folate	•exclusively deliver drugs to bone •bind selectively to folate receptor-positive tumors	[238]
	Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks	Calcium zoledronate	•inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in FR-overexpressing tumor cells •increase the direct antitumor activity of Zol by 80–85%	[239]
	Micelles	Alendronate, docetaxel	•exhibit the recruitment, differentiation and resorption activity of osteoclasts •attenuate the tumorigenesis and improve animal lifespan	[240]
	Quantum dots	Doxorubicin, alendronate, Ag2S	•ensure the long circulation time of the nanodrugs •exhibit high affinity to the bone tissue •facilitate the on-site killing of cancer cells and minimize toxicity to normal tissue •provide a facile real-time feedback on the tumor growth and therapeutic efficacy via bioluminescence	[241]
	NaxWO3 nanoparticles	oxygen vacancy-rich tungsten bronze	•provide PTT effects under laser irradiation (980 nm) •exhibit significant cytotoxicity against breast cancer 4T1 cell in vitro dose-dependently	[242]
	PAMAM dendrimers	Docetaxel, hyaluronic acid, alendronate	•show osteoclasts and tumor cells dual-targeting ability •endocytosis by the tumor cells via CD44 receptor •inhibit the activity of osteoclasts	[243]
	Polymeric nanoparticles	Paclitaxel, folic acid, alendronate	•exhibit high affinity for bone tissue •promote uptake by folate receptor-overexpressing cancer cells to augment PTX cytotoxicity •improve the survival rate of treated mice	[244]
Gene Therapy	Dendrimers	miR-34a, miR-93, miR-200c	•attenuate angiogenic capabilities of fast-growing OS •prolong the dormancy period of fast-growing OS	[245]
	Nanodiamonds	EWS-Fli-1 siRNA	•deliver siRNA into Ewing sarcoma cells and inhibit EWS/Fli-1 gene expression	[246]
	Lipopolymer	CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids	•facilitate selective distribution of CRISPR/Cas9 in both orthotopic OS and lung metastasis •enhance effective VEGFA genome editing in tumor •reduce angiogenesis and bone lesion with no detectable toxicity	[247]
Scaffolds for bone regeneration	Graphene oxide nanosheets	Tricalcium silicate	•exhibit excellent photothermal performance with the irradiation of NIR •inhibit the growth of subcutaneous tumor tissue •promote cell proliferation and the ALP activity of MC3T3-E1	[248]
	Metal-organic framework nanosheets	β-tricalcium phosphate, Cu ions	•kill osteosarcoma cells through released heat energy after exposure to NIR light (1.0 W cm−2, 10 min) •support the attachments of HBMSCs and HUVECs •stimulate osteogenesis and angiogenesis	[249]
	Chitosan scaffolds	SrFe12O19, CaSiO3, doxorubicin	•possess anti-tumor efficacy via the synergetic effect of DOX drug release and hyperthermia ablation •promote proliferation and osteogenic differentiation via BMP-2/Smad/Runx 2 pathway	[250]
	CuFeSe2 nanocrystals	Bioactive glass	•endow scaffolds excellent photothermal performance •ablate the bone tumor cells (Saos-2 cells) and inhibit bone tumor growth •stimulate osteogenic gene expressions	[251]