Table 7.

Summary of example nanomaterials for bone infection.

Category	Nanomaterials	Active principle	Main results	Ref.
Implant coating	Silver nanoparticles/PLGA coating	Ag+	•exhibit strong antibacterial activity •promote pre-osteoblasts proliferation and maturation	[279]
	Bioactive glass nanoparticles/PCL coating	Cu2+	•induce more calcium phosphate formation on the coating surface •inhibit the growth of S. carnosus and E. coli by Cu2+	[280]
	Ti nanocolumn coating	Ti nanocolumn	•exhibit strongly impaired S. aureus adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation	[281]
	TiO2 nanorod coating	Polydopamine, TiO2, MoS2, RGD	•kill bacteria noninvasively upon co-irradiation of 660 nm visible light and 808 nm NIR light through generating hyperthermia and ROS •promote the osteogenic activity	[282]
	Chitosan coating	hyaluronic acid, gentamicin, deferoxamine	•drug release was associated with degradation of multilayers triggered by exogenous hyaluronidase •display effective antifouling and antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus •enhance the adhesion, proliferation and osteo/angio-genic differentiation of MSCs	[283]
	Polymeric coating	Vancomycin, niosomes	•prolong drug release up to two weeks •exhibit no cytotoxic effects towards normal cells •control bacterial colonization and biofilms formation	[284]
Platforms for bone infection	Chitosan scaffolds	Vancomycin, ZIF8 nanocrystals	•vancomycin encapsulation efficiency for ZIF8 nanocrystals was 99.3% •vancomycin was released in a pH-controlled manner •inhibit the activity of S. aureus	[285]
	nano-hydroxyapatite scaffolds	Ag+, nano-hydroxyapatite	•exhibit an initial burst release of Ag+ and followed by a slow controlled release up to 39 days	[286]
	Black phosphorus nanosheets	Black phosphorus	•exhibit excellent NIR photothermal performance and good biocompatibility •enhance mineralization and bone regeneration	[287]
	MoOx-hydroxyapatite nanoparticles	Hydroxyapatite, MoOx	•promote the death of pathogen microorganisms •serve as a real-time imaging nanoplatform against bone infection	[288]