Table 1.

Potential groups facilitating polymeric NPs active targeting accumulation and their mechanisms.

Active targeting group	Year	Mechanisms	Reference
Transactivating transduction protein (TAT)	2010, 2017	Crossing BSCB	[48,117]
Cystine-alanine-L-Glutamine-lysine (CAQK)	2020, 2022	Binding chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan	[46,105]
Activated cell-penetrating peptide	2021	Binding MMP; crossing BSCB	[45]
Bovine or human serum albumin (BSA or HSA)	2017	Binding albumin receptors at the lesion site	[16]
Microtubule-associated protein 2 antibody	2018	Targeting neural membrane	[49]
Apamin, an-18-amino acid peptide	2014	Binding apamin receptor	[47]
Sialic acid	2019	Binding E-selectin receptor on the endothelial cell membrane	[17]
2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)	2019	Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)	[129]