Table 3.
Exosomes and cell derived nanovesicles loaded with genes or drug for SCI treatment.
| Name |
Year |
Origin |
Administration |
Mechanism |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene-loaded | |||||
| ExoPTEN | 2019 | HBMSC | Intranasal | Delivery of sirna to inhibit PTEN expression; promote axon regeneration and angiogenesis | [20] |
| miR-126-loaded exosomes | 2019 | BMSC | IV | Promote angiogenesis and neuron regeneration, inhibit apoptosis | [157] |
| miR-21 and miR19b-loaded exosomes | 2019 | MSC | IV | Regulate PTEN, PDCD4 genes expression, inhibit neurons death | [159] |
| PTENP1-shRNA loaded exosomes | 2019 | PC12 | IV | Inhibit PTEN expression, promote mir-21 and mir-19 expression, and reduce neurons apoptosis | [161] |
| miR-544-loaded exosomes | 2020 | BMSC | IV | Deliver the therapeutic gene, reduce nerve cell apoptosis | [156] |
| miR-133b-loaded exosomes | 2018 | BMSC | IV | Activate ERK1/2, STAT3, and CREB signaling pathways Protect neurons, promote axon regeneration |
[165] |
| GIT1-loaded exosomes | 2021 | BMSC | IV | Promote axon regeneration, inhibit neuroinflammatory response, reduce apoptosis | [158] |
| ANGPTL3-loaded exosomes | 2021 | human urine stem cell (HUMSC) | Intrathecal | Regulate PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, promote angiogenesis | [164] |
| miR-181c loaded exosomes | 2021 | BMSC | IV | Inhibit PTEN and NF-kb pathways, reduce apoptosis | [176] |
| Exosomal miR-124-3p | 2020 | Neurons | IV | Regulate PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling cascade, Inhibit the activation of M1 microglial and A1 astrocytes |
[162] |
| miR-26a loaded exosomes | 2019 | BMSC | IV | Activate the PTEN/AKT/mtor signaling pathway, reduce glial scar formation, promote axon regeneration | [177] |
| miR-125a loaded exosomes | 2021 | BMSC | Intrathecal | Reduce the expression of IRF5; Enhance M2 polarization |
[167] |
| miR-199a-3p/145-5p loaded exosomes | 2021 | HUMSC | IV | Regulate NGF and trka signal pathways, promote nerve regeneration | [168] |
| miR-133b-modified exosomes | 2019 | Adipose-derived stem cells | IV | Promote the expression of mir-133b, NF, GAP-43, GFAP and MBP genes, promote axon regeneration | [166] |
| Drug-loaded | |||||
| Exos-Ber | 2021 | M2 macrophage | IV | Delivery of berberine, anti-inflammatory therapy, M2 macrophages derived targeting ability | [171] |
| Exo + Res | 2020 | Microglial | IV | Loaded with resveratrol, regulate P13K signaling pathway, activate autophagy, and inhibit cell apoptosis | [170] |