Table 1.
Meta-analyses and network meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of pharmacological and psychological interventions in patients with eating disorders included in the umbrella review
| Author, year | Age group | Setting | Intervention | Controls | Outcomes | A | C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anorexia Nervosa | |||||||
| Albano, 2019(31) | MIX | MIX | EDU-S | MIXED, TAU/WL | ACCEPT, F-QOL, GENSX, WEIGHT/BODY | 8 | 4 |
| Cassioli, 2020(32) | MIX | MIX | PHARMA | PBO | GENSX, WEIGHT/BODY | 8 | 4 |
| Claudino, 2006(33) | MIX | MIX | PHARMA | PBO | ACCEPT, GENSX | 9 | 1 |
| Couturier, 2013(34) | ADO | OUT | FAM-I | ACTIVE | GLOBAL | 9 | 3 |
| de Vos, 2014(35) | MIX | MIX | PHARMA | PBO | WEIGHT/BODY | 9 | 2 |
| Dold, 2015(36) | ADU, MIX | MIX | PHARMA | PBO/NT | ACCEPT, EDP, WEIGHT/BODY | 10 | 4 |
| Fisher, 2010(37) | MIX | MIX | FAM-I | ACTIVE, TAU | EDP, GLOBAL, WEIGHT/BODY | 9 | 2 |
| Fisher, 2018(38) | ADO, ADU, MIX | MIX | FAM-I | ACTIVE, TAU | ACCEPT, EDP, GLOBAL, WEIGHT/BODY | 9 | 3 |
| Hagan, 2020(39) | ADU | MIX | MULTI | MIXED | COG, EDP, GENSX, WEIGHT/BODY | 8 | 4 |
| Hasselbalch, 2020(40) | ADU | MIX | PHARMA | PBO | COG | 9 | 1 |
| Hay, 2015(41) | MIX | OUT | CBT-ED-I, PDO-I | ACTIVE, MIXED, TAU | ACCEPT, EDP, GLOBAL, WEIGHT/BODY | 9 | 3 |
| Hay, 2019(42) | MIX | IN | MULTI | ACTIVE | ACCEPT, GENSX, GLOBAL, WEIGHT/BODY | 9 | 2 |
| Kishi, 2012(43) | MIX | MIX | PHARMA | PBO | ACCEPT, EDP, SAFETY, WEIGHT/BODY | 6 | 4 |
| Lebow, 2013(44) | MIX | MIX | PHARMA | MIXED, PBO | EDP, GENSX | 6 | 2 |
| Linardon, 2017c(45) | MIX | MIX | CBT-ED-I | ACTIVE | EDP | 6 | 3 |
| Murray, 2019(23) | MIX | MIX | MULTI | MIXED | GLOBAL, WEIGHT/BODY | 10 | 3 |
| Ng, 2013(46) | MIX | MIX | EXE-I | PBO | WEIGHT/BODY | 7 | 1 |
| Solmi, 2021(24) | ADU | OUT | CBT-ED-I, FAM-I, MANTRA-I, PDO-I | ACTIVE, TAU | ACCEPT, BEHAV, WEIGHT/BODY | 10 | 2 |
| van den Berg, 2019(16) | ADO, ADU, MIX | MIX, OUT | CBT-ED-I, FAM-I, PDO-I, PT-G, PT-I | ACTIVE, MIXED, PBO | EDP, F-QOL, WEIGHT/BODY | 10 | 4 |
| Zeeck, 2018(17) | ADO, ADU | MIX | CBT-ED-I, FAM-I, IPT-I, MANTRA-I, MULTI, PDO-I, SUP-I | ACTIVE | WEIGHT/BODY | 6 | 2 |
| Bulimia Nervosa | |||||||
| Bacaltchuk, 1999(47) | MIX | OUT | PHARMA | ACTIVE | ACCEPT, BEHAV, GENSX, GLOBAL | 7 | 1 |
| Bacaltchuck, 2000a(48) | MIX | MIX | PHARMA | PBO | GLOBAL | 7 | 6 |
| Bacaltchuk, 2000b(49) | ADU | MIX | PHARMA, PT-I | ACTIVE | ACCEPT, BEHAV, GENSX, GLOBAL | 8 | 2 |
| Bacaltchuk, 2003(50) | MIX | MIX | PHARMA | PBO | ACCEPT, BEHAV, GENSX, GLOBAL | 10 | 3 |
| Couturier, 2013(34) | ADO | OUT | FAM-I | ACTIVE | GLOBAL | 9 | 3 |
| Ghaderi, 1999(51) | ADU | MIX | CBT-ED-I | ACTIVE | BEHAV | 5 | 1 |
| Hay, 2001(52) | MIX | MIX | PHARMA, PT-I | ACTIVE | ACCEPT, BEHAV, GENSX, GLOBAL | 10 | 1 |
| Hay, 2004(53) | ADU | MIX | CBT-ED-I, EDU-I, PT-I | ACTIVE, WL | ACCEPT, BEHAV, F-QOL, GENSX, GLOBAL, WEIGHT/BODY | 5 | 2 |
| Hay, 2009(54) | MIX | MIX | CBT-ED-I, EDU-S, PT-I | ACTIVE, WL, WL/NT | ACCEPT, BEHAV, F-QOL, GENSX, GLOBAL, WEIGHT/BODY | 7 | 1 |
| Linardon, 2017b(55) | MIX | MIX | CBT-ED-I, CBT-ED-I+S, EDU-S, MULTI, PT-I, PT-I+S | ACTIVE, TAU/WL | BEHAV, GENSX | 6 | 3 |
| Linardon, 2017c(45) | ADO, ADU, MIX | MIX | CBT-ED-G, CBT-ED-I, CBT-ED-S | ACTIVE, TAU/WL | BEHAV, EDP, GLOBAL | 6 | 3 |
| Linardon, 2018(56) | MIX | MIX | CBT-ED-I | ACTIVE, TAU/WL | EDP | 8 | 2 |
| Linardon, 2019(57) | MIX | MIX | CBT-ED-I, EDU-S, PT-I | ACTIVE, TAU/WL | GENSX | 8 | 3 |
| Linardon, 2020(58) | MIX | MIX | e-PT | MIXED | BEHAV, EDP | 7 | 2 |
| Loucas, 2014(59) | MIX | MIX | CBT-ED-S | NT, WL | BEHAV, EDP | 10 | 4 |
| Nakash-Eisikovits, 2002(60) | MIX | MIX | PHARMA | PBO | BEHAV | 5 | 3 |
| Polnay, 2014(61) | ADU | OUT | CBT-ED-G | NT | BEHAV, GENSX, GLOBAL | 9 | 3 |
| Slade, 2018(62) | ADU | MIX | BT-G, BT-I, CBT-ED-G, CBT-ED-I, CBT-ED-S, EXE-I, IPT-I, MULTI, PHARMA, PT-I | ACTIVE, WL | GLOBAL | 8 | 3 |
| Svaldi, 2019(63) | MIX | MIX | CBT-ED-I, EDU-S, MULTI, PHARMA, PT-I | TAU/WL | ACCEPT, BEHAV, EDP, GENSX, GLOBAL | 9 | 3 |
| Thompson-Brenner, 2003(64) | MIX | MIX | BT, BT-G, BT-I, CBT-ED, CBT-ED-G, CBT-ED-I, PT-G, PT-I | MIXED | BEHAV | 4 | 1 |
| Binge-Eating Disorder | |||||||
| Berkman, 2015(65) | ADU, MIX | MIX | CBT-ED-I, PHARMA | PBO, WL | BEHAV, GENSX, GLOBAL, SAFETY, WEIGHT/BODY | 11 | 3 |
| Brownley, 2016(66) | ADU | MIX | CBT-ED-I, PHARMA | PBO, WL | BEHAV, EDP, GENSX, GLOBAL, WEIGHT/BODY | 8 | 4 |
| Fornaro, 2016(67) | ADU | MIX | PHARMA | PBO | ACCEPT, BEHAV, GLOBAL, WEIGHT/BODY | 9 | 4 |
| Ghaderi, 2018(68) | MIX | MIX | BT-G, BT-I, CBT-ED-I, CBT-ED-S, IPT-I, PHARMA | ACTIVE, PBO, WL | BEHAV, EDP, GENSX, GLOBAL, WEIGHT/BODY | 9 | 2 |
| Hay, 2009(54) | MIX | MIX | CBT-ED-I | ACTIVE, TAU/NT | ACCEPT, BEHAV, GLOBAL, WEIGHT/BODY | 7 | 1 |
| Hilbert, 2019(22) | MIX | MIX | BT-I, EDU-S, MULTI, PHARMA, PT, PT-I | ACTIVE, TAU/NT | ACCEPT, BEHAV, EDP, GENSX, GLOBAL, WEIGHT/BODY | 9 | 5 |
| Linardon, 2017a(69) | MIX | MIX | PT-I | ACTIVE, WL | BEHAV, EDP, GENSX, GLOBAL | 7 | 0 |
| Linardon, 2017c(45) | MIX | MIX | CBT-ED-G, CBT-ED-I, CBT-ED-S, PT-I | ACTIVE, TAU/WL | BEHAV, EDP, GLOBAL | 6 | 3 |
| Linardon, 2018(56) | MIX | MIX | CBT-ED-I | ACTIVE, TAU/WL | EDP | 8 | 2 |
| Linardon, 2019(57) | MIX | MIX | CBT-ED-I, EDU-S, PT-I | ACTIVE, TAU/WL | GENSX | 8 | 3 |
| Linardon, 2020(58) | MIX | MIX | e-PT | MIXED | BEHAV, EDP | 7 | 2 |
| Loucas, 2014(59) | MIX | MIX | CBT-ED-S | WL | BEHAV, GLOBAL | 10 | 4 |
| Nourredine, 2020(70) | ADU | MIX | PHARMA | PBO | ACCEPT, BEHAV, GENSX, WEIGHT/BODY | na | na |
| Palavras, 2017(71) | ADU | OUT | BT-I | ACTIVE | ACCEPT, BEHAV, WEIGHT/BODY | 9 | 2 |
| Peat, 2017(72) | MIX | MIX | PHARMA | ACTIVE, PBO | BEHAV, EDP, GLOBAL | 6 | 4 |
| Stefano, 2008(73) | MIX | MIX | PHARMA | PBO | BEHAV, GENSX, GLOBAL | 6 | 2 |
| Swift, 2017(74) | ADU | MIX | MULTI, PT-I | ACTIVE, MIXED | ACCEPT | 5 | 0 |
| Reas, 2008(75) | MIX | MIX | PHARMA | PBO | ACCEPT, GLOBAL, WEIGHT/BODY | 8 | 6 |
| Vocks, 2010(76) | MIX | MIX | EDU-S, PHARMA, PT-I | PBO/WL | BEHAV, EDP, WEIGHT/BODY | 7 | 3 |
| Mixed Eating Disorders | |||||||
| Barakat, 2019(77) | MIX | MIX | EDU-S | MIXED | BEHAV, EDP, F-QOL, GENSX, WEIGHT/BODY | 7 | 5 |
| Couturier, 2013(34) | ADO | OUT | FAM-I | ACTIVE | GLOBAL | 9 | 3 |
| Cuijpers, 2016(78) | MIX | MIX | IPT-I | ACTIVE, MIXED | BEHAV, EDP, GLOBAL, WEIGHT/BODY | 10 | 6 |
| Grenon, 2019(79) | MIX | MIX | CBT-ED-G, CBT-ED-I, PT-G, PT-I | ACTIVE, WL | BEHAV, EDP, F-QOL, GENSX | 9 | 4 |
| Hay, 2003(50) | ADU | MIX | CBT-ED-I, CBT-ED-S, EDU-S | ACTIVE, WL | ACCEPT, BEHAV, F-QOL, GENSX, GLOBAL, WEIGHT/BODY | 5 | 2 |
| Hay, 2009(54) | MIX | MIX | CBT-ED-I, CBT-ED-S, EDU-S, PT-I | ACTIVE, WL, WL/NT | ACCEPT, BEHAV, EDP, F-QOL, GENSX, GLOBAL, WEIGHT/BODY | 7 | 1 |
| Linardon, 2017a(69) | MIX | MIX | PT-I | ACTIVE, WL | BEHAV, EDP, GENSX, GLOBAL | 7 | 0 |
| Linardon, 2017c(45) | MIX | MIX | CBT-ED-I | ACTIVE | BEHAV, EDP, GLOBAL | 6 | 3 |
| Linardon, 2018(56) | MIX | MIX | CBT-ED-I, CBT-ED-S | ACTIVE, TAU/WL | BEHAV, EDP | 8 | 2 |
| Linardon, 2020(58) | MIX | MIX | e-PT | ACTIVE, MIXED | BEHAV, EDP | 7 | 2 |
| Loucas, 2014(59) | MIX | MIX | CBT-ED-S | WL | GLOBAL | 10 | 4 |
| Low, 2021(80) | MIX | MIX, OUT | VR-CBT-ED | ACTIVE | BEHAV, EDP, WEIGHT/BODY | 7 | 0 |
| Machado, 2014(81) | MIX | MIX | EXE-I | TAU/WL | BEHAV, F-QOL, WEIGHT/BODY | 7 | 2 |
| Perkins, 2006(82) | MIX | MIX | EDU-S, MULTI | ACTIVE, WL | ACCEPT, BEHAV, EDP, F-QOL, GENSX, WEIGHT/BODY | 9 | 2 |
| Stefano, 2006(83) | MIX | MIX | EDU-S | ACTIVE, WL | ACCEPT, BEHAV | 5 | 0 |
| Swift, 2017(74) | ADU | MIX | MULTI, PHARMA, PT-I | ACTIVE, MIXED | ACCEPT | 5 | 0 |
| Traviss-Turner, 2017(84) | MIX | MIX | EDU-S | MIXED, WL | BEHAV, EDP | 9 | 3 |
A, AMSTAR score; ACCEPT, acceptability, ADO, adolescents; ADU, adults; BEHAV, behavioural symptoms; BT-G, group behavioural therapy; BT-I, individual behavioural therapy; C, AMSTAR-Content score; CBT-ED-G, group cognitive behavioural therapy; CBT-ED-I, individual cognitive behavioural therapy; CBT-ED-S, self-help cognitive behavioural therapy; EDP, eating disorder psychopathology; EDU-I, individual psychoeducation; EDU-S, self-help psychoeducation; EXE-I, individual guided physical exercise; F-QOL, functioning/quality of life; FAM-I, individual family therapy; GENSX, psychiatric general symptoms; GLOBAL, improvement/response/remission/relapse; IN, inpatient; IPT-I, individual interpersonal psychotherapy; MANTRA-I, individual Maudsley Anorexia Treatment for Adults; MIX, mixed or not specified age group or setting; MIXED, active+inactive control; MULTI, mixed active interventions/multiprofessional treatment; PBO. Placebo; PHARMA, pharmacological intervention; PDO-I, individual psychodynamic-oriented psychotherapy; e-PT, digital psychotherapy; PT-I, individual psychotherapy; PT-G, group psychotherapy; OUT, outpatient; VR-CBT-ED, CBT-ED plus virtual reality.