Table 2.
Differentially expressed cytokines in menstrual effluent
| Cytokine | Mean menstrual/peripheral ratio (SD) | Adjusted p‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Higher in menstrual effluent vs. peripheral blood | |||
| Chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 2 | CCL2 | 481.6 (606.5) | 0.020 |
| Chemokine (C‐C motif) ligands 4 | CCL4 | 212.1 (278.9) | 0.020 |
| Interleukin 8 | IL‐8 | 150.1 (115.7) | 0.020 |
| Leukemia inhibitory factor | LIF | 87.1 (43.0) | 0.020 |
| Interleukin 6 | IL‐6 | 85.3 (81.2) | 0.020 |
| Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | IL‐1RA | 77.2 (56.2) | 0.020 |
| Interleukin 1β | IL‐1β | 67.3 (88.6) | 0.020 |
| Fibroblast growth factor 2 | FGF2 | 66.1 (84.8) | 0.032 |
| Tumor necrosis factor alpha | TNF‐α | 44.1 (44.3) | 0.020 |
| Hepatocyte growth factor | HGF | 40.6 (21.5) | 0.020 |
| Chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 3 | CCL3 | 36.2 (26.2) | 0.020 |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor A | VEGF‐A | 28.5 (21.1) | 0.020 |
| Chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 5 | CXCL5 | 24.5 (37.8) | 0.020 |
| Interleukin 10 | IL‐10 | 15.3 (17.8) | 0.020 |
| Transforming growth factor alpha | TGF‐α | 13.2 (18.8) | 0.020 |
| chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 1 | CXCL1 | 12.0 (8.4) | 0.020 |
| Interleukin 9 | IL‐9 | 12.0 (8.9) | 0.020 |
| Interleukin 1 alpha | IL‐1α | 10.1 (5.3) | 0.020 |
| Colony‐stimulating factor 3 | CSF3 | 9.9 (8.3) | 0.020 |
| Chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 9 | CXCL9 | 8.7 (14.2) | 0.020 |
| Chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 10 | CXCL10 | 8.2 (10.6) | 0.032 |
| Epidermal growth factor | EGF | 8.1 (3.9) | 0.032 |
| Interleukin‐18 | IL‐18 | 7.5 (8.0) | 0.020 |
| TNF‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand | TRAIL | 4.9 (1.9) | 0.020 |
| Eotaxin | EOTAXIN | 4.0 (1.7) | 0.032 |
| RESISTIN | RESISTIN | 3.2 (1.5) | 0.020 |
| Interleukin‐12 subunit beta | IL‐12P40 | 3.1 (1.4) | 0.020 |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor D | VEGF‐D | 3.0 (1.6) | 0.020 |
| Interleukin‐22 | IL‐22 | 2.9 (1.7) | 0.020 |
| Interleukin‐21 | IL‐21 | 2.9 (1.8) | 0.045 |
| Interferon gamma | IFN‐γ | 2.7 (2.2) | 0.020 |
| Interleukin‐17A | IL‐17A | 2.2 (1.6) | 0.032 |
| Colony stimulating factor 1 | CSF1 | 2.2 (1.0) | 0.032 |
| Interleukin‐12 | IL‐12P70 | 1.6 (0.9) | 0.045 |
| Chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 12 | CXCL12 | 1.5 (0.4) | 0.032 |
| Lower in menstrual effluent vs. peripheral blood | |||
| Colony stimulating factor 2 | CSF2 | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.020 |
| LEPTIN | LEPTIN | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.020 |
Note: Name, fold change in menstrual/peripheral blood expression levels, and FDR‐adjusted p‐value for differences between menstrual and peripheral blood expression.
Abbreviations: FDR, false discovery rates; IFN, interferons; IL, interleukin; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.