Table 1.

Examples of genotype–phenotype mapping studies in cichlid fishes

We included forward genetic studies that show reasonable support for a causal genotype–phenotype relationship (e.g., use independent experimental approaches, functional validation, or those phenotypes such as opsins with a very direct genotype–phenotype relationship). Targeted genotyping includes Sanger sequencing or microsatellite studies. Gene expression includes qPCR and in situ hybridization. Functional tests include CRISPR–Cas9, transgenesis, and pharmacological manipulation. QTL qualitative/quantitative trait loci mapping, GWA genome-wide association mapping