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. 2020 Feb 5;3:14. doi: 10.1038/s42004-020-0256-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Illustration of the relationships between the negative of the ionisation potential (−IP) and electron affinity (−EA), fundamental gap (ΔF), exciton binding energy (EBE), and optical gap (ΔO); b a selection of the molecular skeletons used in the study; c the substituents used in the study.