Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| No MAFLD | MAFLD-diabetes | MAFLD-overweight/obese | MAFLD-lean | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 6,374,228) | (n = 545,800) | (n = 2,822,222) | (n = 193,064) | ||
| Age | 46.1 ± 14.4 | 56.4 ± 11.8 | 47.8 ± 13.0 | 51.5 ± 13.0 | < .0001 |
| Male | 2,741,020 (43.0) | 377,504 (69.2) | 2,141,255 (75.9) | 163,052 (84.5) | < .0001 |
| Income_low | 1,048,999 (16.5) | 90,902 (16.7) | 366,269 (13.0) | 28,459 (14.7) | < .0001 |
| Smoking | < .0001 | ||||
| None | 4,357,567 (68.4) | 268,868 (49.3) | 1,233.006 (43.7) | 62,161 (32.2) | |
| Ex | 707,242 (11.1) | 111,743(20.5) | 572,195 (20.3) | 36,044 (18.7) | |
| Current | 1,309,419 (20.5) | 165,189 (30.3) | 1,017,021 (36.0) | 94, 859 (49.3) | |
| Alcohol consumption | < .0001 | ||||
| None | 3,667,279 (57.5) | 271,833 (49.8) | 1,140,952 (40.4) | 57,875 (30.0) | |
| Mild | 2,356,423 (37.0) | 199,736 (36.6) | 1,299,773 (46.1) | 94,239 (48.8) | |
| Heavy | 350,526 (5.5) | 74,231 (13.6) | 381,497 (13.5) | 40,950 (21.2) | |
| Regular exercise | 1,121,607 (17.6) | 113,078 (20.7) | 517,507(18.3) | 30,850 (16.0) | < .0001 |
| Diabetes | 328,428 (5.2) | 545,800 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | < .0001 |
| Hypertension | 1,156,210 (18.1) | 339,728 (62.2) | 1,007,110 (35.7) | 77,208 (40.0) | < .0001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 793,083 (12.4) | 242,146 (44.4) | 716,137(25.4) | 53,214 (27.6) | < .0001 |
| Hepatitis | 150,803 (2.4) | 21,903 (4.0) | 75,393 (2.7) | 5160 (2.7) | < .0001 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 14,699 (0.2) | 4641 (0.9) | 8086 (0.3) | 1134 (0.6) | < .0001 |
| CCI score | < .0001 | ||||
| 0 | 4,207,758 (66.0) | 148,570 (27.2) | 1,832,368 (64.9) | 123,264 (63.9) | |
| 1 | 1,206,091 (18.9) | 125,506 (23.0) | 577,483 (20.5) | 39,673 (20.6) | |
| ≥ 2 | 960,379 (15.1) | 271,724 (49.8) | 412,371 (14.6) | 30,127 (15.6) | |
| BMI | 22.2 ± 2.4 | 26.4 ± 3.1 | 26.7 ± 3.4 | 21.9 ± 1.0 | < .0001 |
| WC | 75.8 ± 7.1 | 89.4 ± 7.9 | 88.5 ± 7.2 | 81.5 ± 10.0 | < .0001 |
| SBP | 119.3 ± 14.4 | 131.0 ± 15.7 | 127.5 ± 14.3 | 129.5 ± 15.0 | < .0001 |
| DBP | 74.3 ± 9.6 | 80.6 ± 10.2 | 79.8 ± 9.8 | 80.8 ± 10.0 | < .0001 |
| Glucose | 93.6 ± 19.0 | 149.6 ± 49.9 | 95.6 ± 12.0 | 98.3 ± 12.6 | < .0001 |
| Total Cholesterol | 189.2 ± 39.0 | 203.1 ± 48.9 | 206.8 ± 42.1 | 205.9 ± 47.1 | < .0001 |
| HDL-C | 59.0 ± 31.1 | 51.2 ± 35.2 | 51.9 ± 33.64 | 55.7 ± 53.7 | < .0001 |
| eGFR | 88.6 ± 44.4 | 83.3 ± 37.2 | 86.1 ± 48.5 | 87.1 ± 41.8 | < .0001 |
| TGa | 87.6 (87.6–87.6) | 188.8 (189.5–190.1) | 171.6 (171.5–171.7) | 232.5 (232.1–233.0) | < .0001 |
| ASTa | 21.6 (21.6–21.6) | 28.6 (28.6–28.7) | 26.9 (26.9–26.9) | 30.4 (30.3–30.5) | < .0001 |
| ALTa | 17.5 (17.5–17.5) | 31.2 (31.1–31.2) | 29.8 (29.8–29.8) | 29.5 (29.4–29.6) | < .0001 |
| GGTa | 18.9 (18.9–18.9) | 51.0 (50.9–51.1) | 43.8 (43.7–43.8) | 68.5 (68.3–68.8) | < .0001 |
Data are presented as means ± standard deviations for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables
Abbreviations: MAFLD Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, BMI Body mass index, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, HDL-C High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, WC Waist circumference, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, TG Triglyceride, AST Aspartate aminotransferase ALT Alanine aminotransferase, GGT Gamma-glutamyl transferase, SBP Systolic blood pressure, DBP Diastolic blood pressure
aGeometric means